.ua explained
.ua |
Type: | Country code top-level domain |
Status: | Active |
Dnssec: | Yes |
Registry: | Hostmaster Ltd. |
Intendeduse: | Entities connected with Ukraine |
Actualuse: | Popular in Ukraine |
Registereddomains: | 549,180 |
Dateregistereddomains: | Jan 2021 |
Refregistereddomains: | [1] |
Restrictions: | Must be the owner of a trade mark registered in Ukraine for second-level domains (and may only register if the domain name is the same as the trade mark); no restrictions for third-level domains |
Document: | Policy documents |
Disputepolicy: | Domain dispute resolution policy |
Website: | Hostmaster |
.ua is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ukraine. To register at the second-level (example) domainname.ua, possession of the exact trademark (matching the domain name) is required. It is not required for third-level domains (.com.ua, .net.ua, etc.).
History
- 1 December 1992: Registered in root zone
- 13 April 2012: DNSSEC enabled in root zone
- 26 February 2022: Domain servers transferred out of Kyiv for continuity reasons amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[2]
Statistics
As of March 2017, around 10.78% of all the .ua domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate.[3] Nginx is the most popular web server, serving 68.97% of the .ua domains, followed by Apache serving 17.75% of the total .ua domains.
Third-level & second-level domains
To remove the risk of cyber squatting, registration of second-level domains directly below .ua is restricted to owners of registered trade marks, who may register a domain name similar to that of the trade mark in question.
However, third-level domains can be registered beneath some of the following:[4]
Generic domains
- .com.ua:[5] paid, commercial organizations
- .in.ua:[6] paid, domains for individuals
- .org.ua:[7] paid, other organizations (non-commercial)
- .net.ua:[8] paid, network service providers
Special domains
- .edu.ua:[9] free, available only to proved educational organisations.
- .gov.ua:[10] free, available only to governmental organizations
- .mil.ua: free, available only to armed forces
- .dod.ua
Geographical domains
There are also second-level domains which are region-specific. These are less popular than the above list (making domain names more available) but they are sometimes restricted to organisations exclusively from within the region.
- .cherkasy.ua, .cherkassy.ua, .ck.ua: Cherkasy Oblast
- .chernihiv.ua, .chernigov.ua, .cn.ua: Chernihiv Oblast
- .chernivtsi.ua, .chernovtsy.ua, .cv.ua: Chernivtsi Oblast
- .crimea.ua, .sebastopol.ua, .yalta.ua: Crimea, Sevastopol, Yalta
- .dnipropetrovsk.ua, .dnepropetrovsk.ua, .dp.ua: Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
- .donetsk.ua, .dn.ua: Donetsk Oblast
- .ivano-frankivsk.ua, .if.ua: Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
- .kharkiv.ua, .kharkov.ua, .kh.ua: Kharkiv Oblast
- .kherson.ua, .ks.ua: Kherson Oblast[11]
- .khmelnytskyi.ua, .khmelnitskiy.ua, .km.ua: Khmelnytskyi Oblast
- .kropyvnytskyi.ua, .kirovograd.ua, .kr.ua: Kirovohrad Oblast
- .kyiv.ua, .kiev.ua: Kyiv
- .luhansk, .lugansk.ua, .lg.ua: Luhansk Oblast
- .lutsk.ua, .volyn.ua, .lt.ua: Lutsk, Volyn Oblast
- .lviv.ua: Lviv Oblast
- .mykolaiv.ua, .nikolaev.ua, .mk.ua: Mykolaiv Oblast
- .odesa.ua, .odessa.ua, .od.ua: Odesa Oblast
- .poltava.ua, .pl.ua: Poltava Oblast
- .rivne.ua, .rovno.ua, .rv.ua: Rivne Oblast
- .sumy.ua, .sm.ua: Sumy Oblast
- .ternopil.ua, .te.ua: Ternopil Oblast
- .uzhhorod.ua, .uzhgorod.ua, .uz.ua, zakarpattia.ua: Uzhhorod
- .vinnytsia.ua, .vinnica.ua, .vn.ua: Vinnytsia Oblast
- .zaporizhzhia.ua, .zaporizhzhe.ua, .zp.ua: Zaporizhzhia Oblast
- .zhytomyr.ua, .zhitomir.ua, .zt.ua: Zhytomyr Oblast
Mirror domains
When registering a domain name in one of the mirror domains, a domain name of the same name in the second (other) mirror domain will automatically be reserved for the registrant.
Geographic domains where new registrations have been terminated
Reserved domain names
The administrators of the .UA ccTLD have decided to reserve public domains with transliterations of Ukrainian names for most Ukrainian geographical domains. Geographical public domains, initially based on phone area codes, were allocated during a conference of Ukrainian internet specialists in Slavsko in January 1993, following the delegation of the .UA country code top-level domain. Initially, these domains were mostly transliterations of Russian city names (e.g., kiev.ua, kirovograd.ua, sebastopol.ua). As the Internet transitioned from experimental to mainstream technology, new requirements and discussions for alternative names emerged. In December 1997, shorter, easier-to-remember two-letter names were introduced (e.g., ivano-frankivsk.ua became if.ua). The introduction of these new names aimed to address inherent flaws without replacing old names, allowing parallel registration in both traditional and new domains. These changes, led by domain administrators Dmytro Kohmanyuk, Ihor Svyrydon, and Hostmaster LLC, will ensure Ukrainian transliterations are reserved and mirrored to existing geographical domains, available to administrators by autumn 2008, contingent on compliance with .UA domain rules.[12]
Technological domains
- admin.ua
- ipv6.ua
- ns.ua
- ua.ua
- www.ua
- xn--mqa.ua
- dnssec.ua
- rdap.ua
- epp1.ua
- epp2.ua
See also
- .укр, a second top domain for Ukraine, active from 2013, which has domains with Cyrillic characters.
- Internet in Ukraine
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: Доменна статистика .UA за підсумками 2020 року . hostmaster.ua . uk . 2021-02-01 . 2021-01-22.
- Web site: Сервера домену .UA переведено до країн Європи . hostmaster.ua . uk . 2022-02-27 . 2022-02-26.
- Web site: Статистика українського інтернету . www.ukralio.com . uk . 2017-03-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063340/https://www.ukralio.com/statistika-ukrainskogo-internetu . 2017-02-17 . dead.
- Web site: Public second-level domains . live . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk, en.
- Web site: Summary on com.ua . live . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk, en.
- Web site: Summary on in.ua . live . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk, en.
- Web site: Summary on org.ua . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk, en.
- Web site: Summary on net.ua . live . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk, en.
- Web site: Summary on edu.ua . live . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk, en.
- Web site: Summary on gov.ua . live . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk, en.
- Web site: NIC.KS.UA . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211001015822/http://kherson.ua/ . 1 October 2021.
- Web site: 2007-12-26 . Public domains in Ukrainian transliteration . live . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk.
- Web site: 2015-09-14 . Domain names sicheslav.ua, secheslav.ua, yelysavethrad.ua, elisavetgrad.ua, zlatopil.ua, inhulsk.ua, kropyvnytskyi.ua are reserved . live . 2024-07-29 . Hostmaster . uk.