1294 Explained
Year 1294 (MCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
Asia
Europe
- March 30 - A Novgorodian army led by Prince Roman Glebovich attempts a storm of Vyborg, but the attack fails.[2]
- Spring - Following the arrival of a fleet from Sweden, an offensive takes place in which Sweden captures Kexholm after an assault.
- July 5 - Following the Papal election, 1292–94, Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV, becoming the 192nd pope.[3]
- Autumn - In response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales, Madog ap Llywelyn leads a revolt against his English overlords.[4]
- December 24 - Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V, becoming the 193rd pope, after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.[5]
- John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, the result being the negotiation of the Auld Alliance with France and Norway in the following year. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, which begin in 1296.[6] [7]
- Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier, during King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.[8]
- Architect Arnolfo di Cambio designs Florence Cathedral (Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, better known simply as Il Duomo); he also begins work on the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence.[9] [10]
- England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.[11]
- Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France declare war on each other. To finance this war, both kings lay taxes on the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII insists that kings gain papal consent for taxation of the clergy, and forbids churchmen to pay taxes.[12]
Births
Deaths
Notes and References
- Book: San, Tan Koon. Dynastic China: An Elementary History. The Other Press. 2014. 9789839541885. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. 316. en.
- Book: Sundberg, Ulf . Medeltidens svenska krig . . 1999 . 9189080262 . 1st . Stockholm . 100 . Swedish.
- Book: Melton, J. Gordon. Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]
5,000 Years of Religious History]
. ABC-CLIO. 2014. 9781610690263. 2. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford. 870. en.
- Book: Breverton, Terry. Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask. Amberley Publishing Limited. 2014. 9781445638454. Stroud. 14. en.
- Book: Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517.. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 1998. 9781610250450. VI: The Middle Ages. Grand Rapids, MI. en. 1882.
- Book: Prestwich, Michael. Edward I. University of California Press. 1988. 9780520062665. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 372. en.
- Book: Royals of England: A Guide for Readers, Travelers, and Genealogists. Spaltro. Kathleen. Bridge. Noeline. iUniverse. 2005. 9780595373123. New York, Lincoln, Shanghai. 59. en.
- Book: Symonds, William Samuel. Records of the Rocks; or, notes on the geology, natural history, and antiquities of North & South Wales, Devon, & Corne̱ll. 1294 Strata Florida Abbey.. John Murray, Albemarle Street. 1872. London. 124. en.
- Book: Durant, Will. The Complete Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage, Life of Greece, Caesar and Christ, Age of Faith, Renaissance, Age of Reason Begins, Age of Louis XIV, Age of Voltaire, Rousseau and Revolution, Age of Napoleon, Reformation. Simon and Schuster. 2014. 9781476779713. New York. en.
- Book: Italian Art. Painting, Sculpture, Architecture from the Origins to the Present Day. Fossi. Gloria. Reiche. Mattia. Bussagli. Marco. 2004. Giunti Editore. 9788809037267. en.
- Book: European Integration and Disintegration: East and West. Bideleux. Robert. Taylor. Professor Richard. Taylor. Richard. Routledge. 1996. 9781134775217. London and New York. 139. en.
- Book: Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272-1485. Fritze. Ronald H.. Robison. William Baxter. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002. 9780313291241. Westport, CT. 215. en.
- Book: Thirteenth Century England II: Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1987. Coss. Peter R.. Coss. P. R.. Lloyd. Simon D.. Boydell & Brewer. 1988. 9780851155135. Suffolk and Wolfeboro, NH. 175. en.
- Book: Browning, Oscar. Guelphs & Ghibellines: A Short History of Mediaeval Italy from 1250-1409. 1294 john duke of durazzo.. Methuen & Company. 1893. London. 199. en.
- Book: Turnbull, Stephen R.. The Samurai: A Military History. Psychology Press. 2005. 9781873410387. London and New York. 90. en. 1977.
- Book: Wold, Carol Lee. Ancestral families of John W. Clark of Deerfield, Massachusetts: Clark-Keyes & allied families including: Alcock, Allen, Allis, Anderson, Beardsley, Belden, Bigod, Blandford, Brown, Chester, Comstock, Copeland, de Clare, de Lacy, de Mowbray, de Quincy, de Ros, de Saye, de Vere, Dudley, FitzRobert, Goodrich, Gregory, Harlakenden, Hawks, Haynes, Hobart, Holden, Hooker, Howard, Hubbard, Kimball, Lamb, Lamberton, Marshall, Moore, Neville, Newcomb, Parmenter, Patterson, Plantagenet, Pynchon, Rice, Scott, Smead, Stoughton, Talcott, Townsend, Trowbridge, Welles, Wells, Woodbridge, Wyllys, Yorke. Gateway Press. 2002. Louisville, KY. 97. en.
- Book: Marco Polo and the Realm of Kublai Khan. McNeese. Tim. Goetzmann. William H.. Infobase Publishing. 2006. 9781438102467. Explorers of New Lands. Philadelphia, PA. 142. en.
- Book: Jeep, John M.. Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001): An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. 2001. 9781351665407. Abingdon & New York. 72. en.
- Book: Perry, Guy. The Briennes: The Rise and Fall of a Champenois Dynasty in the Age of the Crusades, c. 950–1356. Cambridge University Press. 2018. 9781107196902. Cambridge, New York. xxiii. en.
- Book: Możejko, Beata. New Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk, Poland and Prussia. Taylor & Francis. 2017. 9781351805445. Abingdon, New York. 14. en.
- Tamrat. Taddesse. January 1970. The Abbots of Däbrä-Hayq 1248-1535. Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 8. 1. 87–117. 41965802.
- Book: Barlow, Henry Clark. Critical, Historical, and Philosophical Contributions to the Study of the Divina Commedia. 1294 Brunetto Latini.. Williams and Norgate. 1864. London and Edinburgh. 423. en.
- Web site: History of Pereslavl-Zalessky Rusmania. rusmania.com. 2019-02-26.