2023 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration explained
This is a list of opinion polls taken on the presidency of Joe Biden in 2023. To navigate between years, see opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration.
According to analysis by Gallup, Biden's average approval rating in 2023 was 39.8%. Compared with presidents going back to Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Gallup Poll only recorded one president, Jimmy Carter, as having a lower average approval rating in their third year (37.4%). Notably, this is the first year in which Joe Biden's average approval rating was lower than his predecessor's at the same point in their terms (Donald Trump's average in 2019 was 42.0%).[1] Biden's low approval ratings in 2023 were attributed to continued disapproval over the economy, immigration, and Biden's age as well as his response to the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war in October.[2] [3] [4]
January
Polling group | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Unsure | Sample size | Polling method | Segment polled | Source(s) |
---|
YouGov (for CBS News) | January 4–6, 2023 | 44% | 56% | 0% | 2,144 | online | All adults | [5] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | January 8–10, 2023 | 47% | 45% | 7% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [6] |
Quinnipiac University | January 11–15, 2023 | 38% | 53% | 9% | 1,466 | telephone | Registered voters | [7] |
Ipsos | January 13–15, 2023 | 40% | 53% | 7% | 1,035 | online | All adults | [8] |
Harris (for Harvard University) | January 18–19, 2023 | 42% | 56% | 2% | 2,050 | online | Registered voters | [9] |
Emerson College | January 19–21, 2023 | 44% | 48% | 8% | 1,015 | IVR/online | Registered voters | [10] |
Marist College | January 23–26, 2023 | 42% | 49% | 9% | 1,327 | telephone/online | All adults | [11] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | January 29–31, 2023 | 41% | 52% | 7% | 1,319 | online | Registered voters | [12] |
Monmouth University | January 26–30, 2023 | 43% | 48% | 9% | 805 | telephone | All adults | [13] | |
February
Polling group | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Unsure | Sample size | Polling method | Segment polled | Source(s) |
---|
YouGov (for CBS News) | February 1–4, 2023 | 45% | 55% | 0% | 2,030 | online | All adults | [14] |
Ipsos (for Reuters) | February 3–5, 2023 | 41% | 52% | 7% | 1,029 | online | All adults | [15] |
Quinnipiac University | February 9–14, 2023 | 40% | 55% | 5% | 1,429 | telephone | Registered voters | [16] |
Marist College (for NPR & PBS) | February 13–16, 2023 | 46% | 46% | 8% | 1,352 | telephone/online | All adults | [17] |
Harris (for Harvard University) | February 15–16, 2023 | 42% | 55% | 3% | 1,838 | online | Registered voters | [18] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | February 20–21, 2023 | 44% | 50% | 6% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [19] |
Emerson College | February 24–25, 2023 | 44% | 50% | 6% | 1,060 | IVR/online | Registered voters | [20] | |
March
Polling group | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Unsure | Sample size | Polling method | Segment polled | Source(s) |
---|
Ipsos (for Reuters) | March 3–5, 2023 | 42% | 52% | 6% | 1,023 | online | All adults | [21] |
Quinnipiac University | March 9–13, 2023 | 39% | 55% | 6% | 1,600 | telephone | Registered voters | [22] |
Monmouth University | March 16–20, 2023 | 41% | 51% | 8% | 805 | telephone | All adults | [23] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | March 19–21, 2023 | 43% | 51% | 6% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [24] |
YouGov (for CBS News) | March 20–22, 2023 | 45% | 55% | 0% | 2,117 | online | All adults | [25] |
Marist College (for NPR & PBS) | March 20–23, 2023 | 42% | 49% | 9% | 1,327 | telephone/online | All adults | [26] |
Harris (for Harvard University) | March 22–23, 2023 | 43% | 55% | 2% | 2,905 | online | Registered voters | [27] |
Quinnipiac University | March 23–27, 2023 | 38% | 57% | 5% | 1,635 | telephone | Registered voters | [28] |
Investor's Business Daily/TIPP | March 29–31, 2023 | 45% | 45% | 10% | 1,365 | online | All adults | [29] | |
April
Polling group | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Unsure | Sample size | Polling method | Segment polled | Source(s) |
---|
YouGov (for The Economist) | April 1–4, 2023 | 44% | 50% | 6% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [30] |
YouGov (for CBS News) | April 12–14, 2023 | 43% | 57% | 0% | 2,065 | online | All adults | [31] |
Harris (for Harvard University) | April 18–19, 2023 | 43% | 54% | 3% | 1,845 | online | Registered voters | [32] |
Ipsos (for Reuters) | April 21–24, 2023 | 41% | 54% | 5% | 1,005 | online | All adults | [33] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | April 22–25, 2023 | 47% | 48% | 6% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [34] |
Emerson College | April 24–25, 2023 | 41% | 49% | 10% | 1,100 | IVR/online | Registered voters | [35] | |
May
Polling group | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Unsure | Sample size | Polling method | Segment polled | Source(s) |
---|
YouGov (for The Economist) | April 29–May 2, 2023 | 44% | 49% | 7% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [36] |
Investor's Business Daily/TIPP | May 3–5, 2023 | 43% | 49% | 8% | 1,480 | online | All adults | [37] |
Ipsos (for Reuters) | May 5–7, 2023 | 40% | 54% | 6% | 1,022 | online | All adults | [38] |
YouGov (for Yahoo! News) | May 5–8, 2023 | 43% | 48% | 9% | 1,584 | online | All adults | [39] |
Harris (for Harvard University) | May 17–18, 2023 | 43% | 54% | 3% | 2,004 | online | Registered voters | [40] |
YouGov (for CBS News) | May 17–19, 2023 | 41% | 59% | 0% | 2,188 | online | All adults | [41] |
Quinnipiac University | May 18–22, 2023 | 39% | 54% | 4% | 1,635 | telephone | Registered voters | [42] |
Monmouth University | May 18–23, 2023 | 41% | 53% | 6% | 981 | telephone | All adults | [43] | |
June
Polling group | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Unsure | Sample size | Polling method | Segment polled | Source(s) |
---|
Investor's Business Daily/TIPP | May 31–June 2, 2023 | 40% | 51% | 9% | 1,358 | online | All adults | [44] |
Ipsos (for Reuters) | June 2–5, 2023 | 41% | 54% | 5% | 1,056 | online | All adults | [45] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | June 3–6, 2023 | 44% | 53% | 6% | 1,315 | online | Registered voters | [46] |
YouGov (for CBS News) | June 7–10, 2023 | 41% | 59% | 0% | 2,480 | online | All adults | [47] |
Quinnipiac University | June 8–12, 2023 | 42% | 54% | 2% | 1,735 | telephone | Registered voters | [48] |
Harris (for Harvard University) | June 14–15, 2023 | 43% | 53% | 4% | 2,090 | online | Registered voters | [49] |
Emerson College | June 19–20, 2023 | 41% | 51% | 8% | 1,105 | IVR/online | Registered voters | [50] | |
July
Polling group | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Unsure | Sample size | Polling method | Segment polled | Source(s) |
---|
YouGov (for The Economist) | July 1–5, 2023 | 38% | 55% | 7% | 1,350 | online | Registered voters | [51] |
Redfield & Wilton Strategies | July 6, 2023 | 40% | 48% | 12% | 1,500 | online | Registered voters | [52] |
Investor's Business Daily/TIPP | July 5–7, 2023 | 38% | 51% | 13% | 1,341 | online | All adults | [53] |
Ipsos (for Reuters) | July 7–9, 2023 | 40% | 54% | 6% | 1,028 | online | All adults | [54] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | July 8–11, 2023 | 39% | 56% | 5% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [55] |
Marquette University Law School | July 7–12, 2023 | 42% | 57% | 1% | 1,005 | online | All adults | [56] |
Monmouth University | July 12–17, 2023 | 44% | 52% | 4% | 910 | telephone | All adults | [57] |
Quinnipiac University | July 13–17, 2023 | 40% | 53% | 3% | 1,809 | telephone | Registered voters | [58] |
Harris (for Harvard University) | July 19–20, 2023 | 42% | 55% | 3% | 2,068 | online | Registered voters | [59] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | July 22–25, 2023 | 45% | 52% | 5% | 1,306 | online | Registered voters | [60] |
YouGov (for CBS News) | Jul 26–28, 2023 | 40% | 60% | 0% | 2,181 | online | All adults | [61] | |
August
Polling group | Date | Approve | Disapprove | Unsure | Sample size | Polling method | Segment polled | Source(s) |
---|
Ipsos (for Reuters) | July 28 – August 1, 2023 | 40% | 55% | 5% | 2,009 | online | All adults | [62] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | July 29 – August 1, 2023 | 40% | 56% | 4% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [63] |
Noble Perspective Insights/The Center Square | July 31 – August 3, 2023 | 40% | 54% | 6% | 2,500 | online | Registered voters | [64] |
Investor's Business Daily/TIPP | August 2–4, 2023 | 38% | 51% | 11% | 1,369 | online | All adults | [65] |
Ipsos (for Reuters) | August 4–6, 2023 | 40% | 54% | 6% | 1,032 | online | All adults | [66] | - | United States | Registered voters | Navigator Research | August 3–7, 2023 | 40% | 56% | 5% | 1,000 | online | [67] ---> |
YouGov (for The Economist) | August 5–8, 2023 | 41% | 53% | 6% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [68] | - | United States | Registered voters | The Bullfinch Group | August 5–10, 2023 | 43% | 52% | 5% | 1,000 | online | [69] ---> |
AP-NORC | August 10–14, 2023 | 42% | 57% | | 1,165 | online/phone | All adults | [70] |
Quinnipiac University | August 10–14, 2023 | 37% | 56% | 7% | 1,818 | phone | All adults | [71] |
Léger | August 11–14, 2023 | 43% | 54% | 3% | 1,002 | online | All adults | [72] |
Marist College | August 11–14, 2023 | 42% | 52% | 6% | 1,100 | online/phone | Registered voters | [73] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | August 12–15, 2023 | 40% | 53% | 7% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [74] |
Emerson College | August 16–17, 2023 | 42% | 47% | 11% | 1,000 | online/phone | Registered voters | [75] | - | United States | Likely voters | McLaughlin & Associates (for America's New Majority Project) | August 17–20, 2023 | 44% | 56% | | 2,000 | online | [76] |
United States | Registered voters | HarrisX/American Free Enterpreise Chamber of Commerce | August 17–21, 2023 | 44% | 52% | 4% | 2,327 | online | [77] ---> |
YouGov (for Yahoo! News) | August 17–21, 2023 | 41% | 54% | 6% | 1,665 | online | All adults | [78] |
YouGov (for The Economist) | August 19–22, 2023 | 41% | 54% | 5% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [79] |
Gallup | August 1–23, 2023 | 42% | 53% | 5% | 1,014 | phone | All adults | [80] | - | United States | Likely voters | McLaughlin & Associates | August 15–23, 2023 | 43% | 55% | 2% | 1,014 | | [81] ---> |
Public Policy Polling (for Congressional Integrity Project) | August 23–24, 2023 | 44% | 50% | 6% | 606 | phone | Registered voters | [82] |
SurveyMonkey (for CNBC) | August 21–25, 2023 | 41% | 56% | | 4,324 | online | All adults | [83] |
NewsNation/Decision Desk HQ | August 24–25, 2023 | 48% | 52% | | 1,000 | | Registered voters | [84] |
HarrisX/The Messenger | August 24–26, 2023 | 43% | 54% | 3% | 2,013 | online | Registered voters | [85] |
Emerson College | August 25–26, 2023 | 43% | 47% | | 1,000 | online/phone | Registered voters | [86] | - | United States | All adults | Big Village | August 25–27, 2023 | 37% | 55% | | 2,029 | online | [87] ---> |
YouGov (for The Economist) | August 26–29, 2023 | 38% | 55% | 6% | 1,500 | online | All adults | [88] |
Fabrizio, Lee & Associates/GBAO (for The Wall Street Journal) | August 24–30, 2023 | 42% | 57% | | 1,500 | phone | Registered voters | [89] |
The 19th/SurveyMonkey | August 24–31, 2023 | 41% | 56% | | 20,191 | online | All adults | [90] |
SSRS/CNN | August 25–31, 2023 | 39% | 61% | 0% | 1,503 | online/phone | All adults | [91] |
Echelon Insights | August 28–31, 2023 | 41% | 57% | 2% | 1,022 | online | Likely voters | [92] | |
September
October
November
December
Notes and References
- Web site: January 25, 2024 . Biden's Third-Year Job Approval Average of 39.8% Second Worst . 2024-03-31 . Gallup.com . en.
- Web site: December 23, 2024 . What Biden’s rough 2023 in the polls means — and doesn’t mean — for 2024 . 2024-03-31 . NBC News . en.
- Web site: Collinson . Stephen . 2023-11-08 . Analysis: 5 takeaways from new polls that reveal Biden’s challenges and Trump’s potential victory path CNN Politics . 2024-03-31 . CNN . en.
- Web site: Biden ends 2023 in polling rut, near all-time low approval ratings . 2024-03-31 . ny1.com . en.
- Web site: CBS News poll — Americans' views on 2023: Things get better, but still not good . 2023-04-12 . www.cbsnews.com . January 8, 2023 . en-US.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll January 8 – 10, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . YouGov.
- Web site: January 18, 2023 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Quinnipiac University.
- Web site: January 19, 2023 . Ipsos Poll Core Political Data January 19, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . Ipsos.
- Web site: January 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-04-12 . Harvard Harris Poll.
- Web site: January 24, 2023 . National Poll: Biden's Approval Recovers Two Years into Term, Trump Maintains Lead over DeSantis in GOP Primary . 2023-04-12 . Emerson College Polling.
- Web site: January 27, 2023 . Marist Poll of 1,257 National Adults . 2023-04-12 . Marist College.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll January 29 – 31, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . YouGov.
- Web site: February 1, 2023 . Monmouth University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Monmouth University.
- Web site: Views of U.S. economy improve but remain low; debt ceiling uncertainty looms — CBS News poll . 2023-04-12 . www.cbsnews.com . February 5, 2023 . en-US.
- Web site: February 8, 2023 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data February 8, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . Ipsos.
- Web site: February 16, 2023 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Quinnipiac University.
- Web site: February 17, 2023 . NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll of 1,352 National Adults . 2023-04-12 . Marist College.
- Web site: February 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-04-12 . Harvard Harris Poll.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll February 20 – 21, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . YouGov.
- Web site: February 28, 2023 . National Poll: 71% of Democratic Voters Think Biden Should Be 2024 Nominee . 2023-04-12 . Emerson College Polling.
- Web site: March 8, 2023 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data March 8, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . Ipsos.
- Web site: March 15, 2023 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Quinnipiac University.
- Web site: March 21, 2023 . Monmouth University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Monmouth University.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll March 19 – 21, 2023 . 2023-04-12 . YouGov.
- Web site: Americans voice confidence in their banks, but inflation woes continue — CBS News poll . 2023-04-12 . www.cbsnews.com . March 23, 2023 . en-US.
- Web site: March 24, 2023 . NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll of 1,327 National Adults . 2023-04-12 . Marist College.
- Web site: March 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-04-12 . Harvard Harris Poll.
- Web site: March 29, 2023 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-04-12 . Quinnipiac University.
- Web site: April 3, 2023 . Biden Approval Rating Shows Resilience As Financial Stress Rises . 2023-04-12 . Investor's Business Daily . en-US.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll April 1 – 4, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
- Web site: 2023-04-16 . Most want abortion pill to remain available — CBS News poll - CBS News . 2023-08-01 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-04-19 . April 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-08-01 . Harvard Harris Poll.
- Web site: 2023-04-27 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data April 27, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . Ipsos.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll April 22 – 25, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
- Web site: Mumford . Camille . 2023-04-27 . April 2023 National Poll: Biden and Trump on Track for 2024 Rematch . 2023-08-01 . Emerson Polling . en-US.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll April 29 – May 2, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
- Web site: 2023-05-08 . Biden Approval Rating Falls Sharply. It's The Economy. . 2023-08-01 . Investor's Business Daily . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-05-10 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data May 10, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . Ipsos.
- Web site: 2023-05-10 . New Yahoo News poll shows Biden still leads Trump for 2024 . 2023-08-01 . Yahoo News . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-05-18 . May 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-08-01 . Harvard Harris Poll.
- Web site: 2023-05-21 . CBS News poll: Think your town could house migrants? That may depend as much on your politics as where you live. - CBS News . 2023-08-01 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-05-24 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-08-01 . Quinnipiac University.
- Web site: NJ 07764571-3400 . 400 Cedar Avenue West Long Branch . 2023-05-24 . Clean Debt Deal Preferred by 2:1 . 2023-08-01 . Monmouth University Polling Institute . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-06-05 . Biden Approval Rating Slides; Young Adults Turn Cool Amid Debt-Ceiling Deal . 2023-08-01 . Investor's Business Daily . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-06-07 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data June 7, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . Ipsos.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll April 1 – 4, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
- Web site: 2023-06-11 . CBS News Poll: After Trump indictment, most see security risk, but Republicans see politics - CBS News . 2023-08-01 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-06-14 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-08-01 . Quinnipiac University.
- Web site: 2023-06-15 . June 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-08-01 . Harvard Harris Poll.
- Web site: Mumford . Camille . 2023-06-22 . June 2023 National Poll: Third Party Candidacy Could Derail President Biden's Reelection Bid . 2023-08-01 . Emerson Polling . en-US.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov poll July 1 – 5, 2023 . 30 September 2023.
- Web site: Joe Biden Administration Approval Ratings and Hypothetical Voting Intention (6 July 2023) . Redfield & Wilton Strategies . 30 September 2023 . 14 July 2023.
- Web site: 2023-07-10 . Biden Approval Rating Sinks As College Grad Support Dims . 2023-08-01 . Investor's Business Daily . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-07-12 . Reuters / Ipsos Core Political Data July 12, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . Ipsos.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll July 8 – 11, 2023 . 30 September 2023.
- Web site: Marquette University Law School News Release . . 30 September 2023 . 27 July 2023.
- Web site: NJ 07764571-3400 . 400 Cedar Avenue West Long Branch . 2023-07-19 . Biden Gets Little Economic Credit . 2023-08-01 . Monmouth University Polling Institute . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-07-19 . Quinnipiac University Poll . 2023-08-01 . Quinnipiac University.
- Web site: 2023-06-20 . July 2023: Harvard CAPS-Harris Poll . 2023-08-01 . Harvard Harris Poll.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll July 22 – 25, 2023 . 2023-08-01 . YouGov.
- Web site: 2023-07-30 . The economy's long, hot, and uncertain summer — CBS News poll - CBS News . 2023-08-01 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
- Web site: Reuters/IPSOS Poll: Perceptions of the economy impact Biden's approval . 30 September 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll July 29 – August 1, 2023 . 30 September 2023.
- Web site: Harper . Casey . More voters say Biden untrustworthy, a poor leader . . 30 September 2023 . 18 August 2023.
- Web site: Carson . Ed . Biden Approval Rating Holds At Record Low As Americans Feel They're Falling Behind . . 30 September 2023 . 7 August 2023.
- Web site: Reuters/Ipsos Core Political Data . 9 August 2023 . 30 September 2023.
- Web site: Bhatt . Vishwa . Abortion Access Seen as in Peril Nationwide . Navigator Research . 30 September 2023 . 17 August 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll August 5–8, 2023 . 30 September 2023.
- Web site: Public Release Of Bullfinch Q3 Nationwide Survey . The Bullfinch Group . 30 September 2023 . 11 August 2023.
- Web site: The August 2023 AP-NORC Center Poll . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: Majority Of Americans Say Trump Should Be Prosecuted On Federal Criminal Charges Linked To 2020 Election, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; DeSantis Slips, Trump Widens Lead In GOP Primary . . 1 October 2023 . 16 August 2023.
- Web site: JOE BIDEN AND KAMALA HARRIS' APPROVAL RATING . . 1 October 2023 . 14 August 2023.
- Web site: Trump's Indictments & 2024 . . 1 October 2023 . 16 August 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll August 12–15, 2023 . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: August 2023 National Poll: DeSantis Fades Into Tie with Ramaswamy; Trump Maintains Majority of GOP Support Ahead of Debate . . 1 October 2023 . 19 August 2023.
- Web site: America’s New Majority Project: National Survey . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: American Free Enterprise Chamber of Commerce Releases Its First 2024 Presidential Race National and Iowa Surveys of Voters, Conducted by HarrisX . HarrisX . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: Romano . Andrew . Poll: Americans more concerned with Trump charges than Hunter Biden allegations . . 1 October 2023 . 25 August 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll August 19 – 22, 2023 . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: Brenan . Megan . Biden's Job Approval 42%; Higher on Ukraine, Race Relations . . 1 October 2023 . 25 August 2023.
- Web site: National Survey Results 1,000 General Election Likely Voters Political Environment, Trends & Analysis . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: New Poll: Majority of Voters Believe Impeachment Inquiry of President Biden Would Be More of a Partisan Political Stunt Than a Serious Investigation . Congressional Integrity Project . 1 October 2023 . 30 August 2023.
- Web site: CNBC SurveyMonkey Your Money Poll August 2023 . . 1 October 2023 . 31 August 2023.
- Web site: Whiteside . Stephanie . Poll: Where voters stand on education to start the school year . . 1 October 2023 . 5 September 2023.
- Web site: Holt . Matt . Harris/Messenger Poll: Biden, Trump in Dead Heat, Ramaswamy Wins the Debate . . 1 October 2023 . 29 August 2023 . September 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230929203042/https://themessenger.com/politics/harris-messenger-poll-biden-trump-in-dead-heat-ramaswamy-wins-the-debate . dead .
- Web site: August 2023 National Poll: Trump Debate Snub May Open Door for Other Candidates . . 1 October 2023 . 28 August 2023.
- Web site: Big Village CARAVAN Political Poll . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll August 26 – 29, 2023 . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: Siddiqui . Sabrina . Lucey . Catherine . Biden's Age, Economic Worries Endanger Re-Election in 2024, WSJ Poll Finds . . 1 October 2023 . https://archive.today/20230913173043/https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/bidens-age-economic-worries-endanger-re-election-in-2024-wsj-poll-finds-67a7bba8 . 13 September 2023 . 4 September 2023 . live. subscription.
- Web site: The 19th SurveyMonkey 2023 . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: SSRS/CNN Poll . 1 October 2023 . 7 September 2023.
- Web site: August Verified Voter Omnibus . Echelon Insights . 1 October 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll September 2 – 5 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: CBS News Poll – September 5-8, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: Yahoo! News Survey - 20230918 - Politics September 14 – 18, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll September 30 - October 3, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: Yahoo! News Survey - 20231016 October 12 - 16, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: CBS News Poll – October 16-19, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll November 5 - 7, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: Yahoo! News Survey - 20231113 - Politics November 9 – 13, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: CBS News Poll – December 6 - 8, 2023 . 18 December 2023.
- Web site: The Economist/YouGov Poll December 9 - 12, 2023 . 18 December 2023.