Alpine County, California Explained

Alpine County, California
Official Name:Alpine County
Settlement Type:County
Named For:Its location in the Sierra Nevada resembling the (Swiss) Alps
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:Region
Subdivision Name2:Sierra Nevada
Seat Type:County seat
Seat:Markleeville
Parts Type:Largest community
Parts:Alpine Village
Unit Pref:US
Area Total Sq Mi:743
Area Land Sq Mi:738
Area Water Sq Mi:4.8
Elevation Max Footnotes:[1]
Elevation Max Ft:11464
Population As Of:2020
Population Total:1,204
Population Density Sq Mi:auto
Established Title:Incorporated
Established Date:March 16, 1864[2]
Government Type:Council–CAO
Leader Title:Chair
Leader Name:Irvin Jim
Leader Title1:Vice Chair
Leader Name1:Terry Woodrow
Leader Title4:County Administrative Officer
Leader Name4:Nichole Williamson
Timezone:Pacific Standard Time
Utc Offset:−8
Timezone Dst:Pacific Daylight Time
Utc Offset Dst:−7
Area Code Type:Area codes
Area Code:209, 530
Image Map1:Map of California highlighting Alpine County.svg
Mapsize1:200px
Map Caption1:Location in the state of California
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank Info:06-003
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature ID
Blank Name Sec1:Congressional district
Blank Info Sec1:3rd

Alpine County is a county in the eastern part of the U.S. state of California located within the Sierra Nevada on the state border with Nevada. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 1,204,[3] making it California's least populous county. The county seat and largest community is Markleeville.[4]

History

The Washoe people, a Great Basin tribe, inhabited the Sierra Nevada on the California–Nevada boundary, with the Hung A Lel Ti band populating the Diamond Valley including what would become Alpine County.

Kit Carson and John C. Frémont were among the first explorers to bring nationwide attention to the Sierra Nevada region in their winter 1844 expedition, though the first known westerners to actually explore the area were Jedediah Smith and Joseph R. Walker. Though gold spurred the infrastructural development of Alpine County, the Comstock Lode found near Virginia City, Nevada and the subsequent silver boom was what triggered Alpine County's growth, even attracting gold miners from neighboring Nevada.[5] This prompted the formation on March 16, 1864, from parts of Amador County, Calaveras County, El Dorado County, Mono County and Tuolumne County. It was named Alpine County due to its resemblance to the Swiss Alps.[6] At its formation, it had a population numbering around 11,000. By 1868, however, the local silver mines had proven unfruitful of replicating the Nevada silver boom and the population fell to about 685 in the 1870 Census, a decline that would steadily continue through the 1950s.[7] Silver Mountain (established as Köngsberg) was designated the county seat following the discovery of silver nearby by Norwegian miners. Markleeville, established by Jacob Markley in 1861 as a 160-acre claim encompassing a bridge and toll station, became the new county seat in 1875. The collapse of the silver industry and closing of mines was finalized with the demonetization of silver in 1873, and Silver Mountain was abandoned by 1886, with most businesses moving to Markleeville.

Following the devastating collapse of the silver industry, the population began quickly declining until the 1950s, falling to an all-time low of 241 in 1930. During this time, its small economy limited the county to serving primarily as a trading center for the local farming and lumber industries, as well as fishing and hunting during the 1930s. Several lots in the county were left vacant.

Alpine County finally managed an economic rebound with the construction of the Bear Valley and Kirkwood ski resorts in the late 1960s, the latter of which is split with Amador County. The population shot up from 484 in 1970 to 1,097 in 1980, a 126.65% increase, and has remained around that level.[8] The three national forests (Eldorado, Humboldt–Toiyabe and Stanislaus) means 96% of the county is owned by the federal government, providing opportunities for economic development and tourism to the skiing resorts as well as historical tourism and outdoor recreation.[9]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of, of which is land and (0.7%) is water.[10] The federal government owns about 96% of Alpine County, the highest percentage in California,[11] including three national forests: Eldorado (54,318 acres, or 7.81% of the 695,098-acre total), Stanislaus (119,805 acres, or 13.32% of the 899,427 acre-total) and Humboldt–Toiyabe (233,962 acres, or 3.72% of the 6,290,945 acre-total).[12] [13]

Adjacent counties

National protected areas

Demographics

2020 census

Alpine County, California – Racial and ethnic composition
!Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)!Pop 2010[14] ![15] !% 2010!
White alone (NH)852style='background: #ffffe6; 80172.51%style='background: #ffffe6; 66.53%
Black or African American alone (NH)0style='background: #ffffe6; 100.00%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.83%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)210style='background: #ffffe6; 21417.87%style='background: #ffffe6; 17.77%
Asian alone (NH)7style='background: #ffffe6; 120.60%style='background: #ffffe6; 1.00%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)0style='background: #ffffe6; 00.00%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.00%
Other Race alone (NH)1style='background: #ffffe6; 70.09%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.58%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)21style='background: #ffffe6; 761.79%style='background: #ffffe6; 6.31%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)84style='background: #ffffe6; 847.15%style='background: #ffffe6; 6.98%
Total1,175style='background: #ffffe6; 1,204100.00%style='background: #ffffe6; 100.00%

2019 American Community Survey estimates

Population[16]
GroupEstimatePercent
Total population1,039
Sex
GroupEstimatePercent
Male55453.32%
Female48546.68%
Sex ratio (males per 100 females)92.8114.2
Age
GroupEstimatePercent
Under 5 years444.23%
5 to 9 years504.81%
10 to 14 years737.03%
15 to 19 years595.68%
20 to 24 years434.14%
25 to 29 years212.02%
30 to 34 years454.33%
35 to 39 years868.28%
40 to 44 years625.97%
45 to 49 years131.25%
50 to 54 years434.14%
55 to 59 years737.03%
60 to 64 years11611.16%
65 to 69 years979.34%
70 to 74 years13312.80%
75 to 79 years545.20%
80 to 84 years40.38%
85 years and over232.21%
Median age (years)52.2
Age dependency ratio97.2
Old-age dependency ratio59.0
Child dependency ratio38.1
Race[17]
GroupEstimatePercent
White59957.65%
Black or African American90.87%
American Indian or Alaska Native35333.97%
--- Cherokee tribal grouping00.00%
--- Chippewa tribal grouping00.00%
--- Navajo tribal grouping00.00%
--- Sioux tribal grouping00.00%
Asian100.96%
--- Asian Indian00.00%
--- Chinese00.00%
--- Filipino00.00%
--- Japanese00.00%
--- Korean00.00%
--- Vietnamese50.48%
--- Other Asian50.48%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander60.58%
--- Native Hawaiian60.58%
--- Guamanian or Chamorro00.00%
--- Samoan00.00%
--- Other Pacific Islander00.00%
Some other race90.87%
Two or more races535.10%
--- White and Black or African American00.00%
--- White and American Indian and Alaska Native474.52%
--- White and Asian00.00%
--- Black or African American andAmerican Indian and Alaska Native00.00%
Hispanic or Latino and race
GroupEstimatePercent
Hispanic or Latino13012.51%
--- Mexican11611.16%
--- Puerto Rican00.00%
--- Cuban00.00%
--- Other Hispanic or Latino141.35%
Not Hispanic or Latino90987.49%
--- White55153.03%
--- Black or African American90.87%
--- American Indian and Alaska Native31430.22%
--- Asian100.96%
--- Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander00.00%
--- Some other race00.00%
--- Two or more races252.41%
Voting Age Population
GroupEstimatePercent
Voting Age Population81578.44%
--- Male42841.19%
--- Female38737.25%
Nativity and citizenship status[18]
GroupEstimatePercent
Native (born in the United States)98694.90%
--- Born in California52450.43%
--- Born in other U.S. state44642.93%
------ Northeastern state656.26%
------ Midwestern state656.26%
------ Southern state413.95%
------ Western state27526.47%
--- Native born outside U.S. states161.54%
------ Puerto Rico00.00%
------ U.S. Island Areas00.00%
------ Born abroad of American parents161.54%
Foreign Born535.10%
--- Naturalized U.S. citizen302.89%
------ Europe161.54%
------ Asia141.35%
------ Africa00.00%
------ Oceania00.00%
------ Latin America00.00%
------ Northern America00.00%
--- Not a U.S. citizen232.21%
------ Europe00.00%
------ Asia50.48%
------ Africa00.00%
------ Oceania00.00%
------ Latin America181.73%
------ Northern America00.00%

2010 Census

The 2010 United States Census reported that Alpine County had a population of 1,175. The racial makeup of Alpine County was 881 (75.0%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 240 (20.4%) Native American, 7 (0.6%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 19 (1.6%) from other races, and 28 (2.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 84 persons (7.1%).

2000

As of the census[19] of 2000, there were 1,208 people, 483 households, and 295 families residing in the county. The population density was 2/mi2. There were 1,514 housing units at an average density of 2/mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 73.7% White, 0.6% Black or African American, 18.9% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. 7.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 12.1% were of German, 12.1% Irish, 9.3% English, 6.5% American and 5.7% Italian ancestry. 95.0% spoke English, 3.1% Spanish and 2.0% Washo as their first language.

There were 483 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 110.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.2 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $41,875, and the median income for a family was $50,250. Males had a median income of $36,544 versus $25,800 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,431. About 12.0% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.4% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

Throughout the 20th century, Alpine County was a Republican stronghold in presidential and congressional elections. From 1892 until 2004, the only Democrat to carry Alpine County in a presidential election was Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 and 1936. In 1964, Alpine was one of only five counties in the state to back Barry Goldwater. It was among the five most Republican counties in the entire nation in 1892,[20] 1908,[21] 1920,[22] and 1928.[23] Warren Harding and Herbert Hoover gained over ninety percent of the county's vote. However, Alpine has become more of a Democratic county in recent elections. It was carried by John Kerry in 2004 and has stayed in the Democratic column since. No Republican has won a majority in the county since 1988.

In November 2008, Alpine was one of just three counties in California's interior in which voters rejected Proposition 8, the ballot initiative to amend the California Constitution to reject the legal extension of the title of marriage to same-sex couples. Alpine voters rejected Proposition 8 by 56.4 percent to 43.6 percent. The other interior counties in which Proposition 8 failed to receive a majority of votes were neighboring Mono and Yolo counties.[24]

Alpine County is in .[25] In the State Assembly, the county is in .[26] In the State Senate, the county is in .[27]

Due to its low population density, Alpine County votes entirely by mail, one of two counties in California which do so.[28] In the June 2014 primary elections, about 22% of registered voters statewide went to the polls; in Alpine County, the number was almost 70%, the highest of any county in the state.[29]

Stonewall Nation

Gay activist Don Jackson seriously presented an idea for taking over Alpine County at a December 28, 1969, gay liberation conference in Berkeley, California. The project, which eventually became known as Stonewall Nation, was subsequently surreptitiously used by fellow gay activists Morris Kight and Don Kilhefner as an agitation and propaganda tool with no serious plans to bring the idea to fruition.[30] Once the political theater aspect of the project was exposed, planning for the Alpine County project came to a halt even among demoralized true believers.[31]

Posse Comitatus controversy

In the late 1970s, the Posse Comitatus organization attempted to take over Alpine County by settling there and fielding candidates in local elections.[32] The Posse thought winning local elections in Alpine County was their best opportunity to take control of a single county. The group fielded a candidate for sheriff and registered fictitious voters using post office boxes and vacant lots as their addresses. Six people were prosecuted for voter fraud, the false registrations were thrown out, and the incumbent sheriff was re-elected.[33]

Voter registration statistics

Transportation

Major highways

Airport

Alpine County Airport is a general aviation airport in the Eastern Sierra about 4miles from the town of Markleeville. The airport consists of a simple airstrip with an apron for small light aircraft to park. The airport has no buildings, no lights, and is rarely used. The airport is popular with astronomers due to the clear, dark skies.

Communities

All communities in Alpine County are unincorporated:

The only other counties in California with no incorporated cities are Mariposa and Trinity.

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Alpine County.[36]

county seat

RankCity/Town/etc.Municipal typePopulation (2020 Census)
1Woodfords Community[37] AIAN225
2Alpine Village CDP224
3Mesa Vista CDP217
4 Markleeville CDP191
5Kirkwood (partially in Amador County)CDP190
6Bear Valley CDP128

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Sonora Peak . March 30, 2015 . Peakbagger.com.
  2. Web site: February 2009 . Alpine County General Plan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032251/http://www.alpinecountyca.gov/files/General_Plan-MASTER_Reduced_Size_0.pdf . July 21, 2011 . March 10, 2011 . 7.
  3. Web site: Alpine County, California . January 30, 2022 . United States Census Bureau.
  4. Web site: NACo County Explorer . June 7, 2011 . National Association of Counties.
  5. Web site: History of Alpine County . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201128190537/https://alpinecounty.com/alpine-county-history . November 28, 2020 . January 19, 2021 . Alpine County Chamber of Commerce & Visitor's Center . en-US.
  6. Book: William Bright . 1500 California place names: their origin and meaning . Erwin Gustav Gudde . November 30, 1998 . . 978-0-520-21271-8 . 14 . January 20, 2012.
  7. Web site: Historical Census Browser . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160331183721/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/ . March 31, 2016 . September 24, 2015 . . . University of Virginia.
  8. Web site: March 27, 1995 . Forstall . Richard L. . Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20000410230159/http://www.census.gov:80/population/cencounts/ca190090.txt . April 10, 2000 . September 24, 2015 . . 1900.
  9. Web site: Permits & Other Info . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200928162046/https://alpinecounty.com/permits-%26-other-info . September 28, 2020 . November 24, 2021 . Alpine County Chamber of Commerce.
  10. Web site: August 22, 2012 . 2010 Census Gazetteer Files . September 24, 2015 . United States Census Bureau.
  11. News: Sabalow . Ryan . Kasler . Dale . Reese . Phillip . January 9, 2016 . Rural Californians sympathize with protesters' goals in Oregon standoff . The Sacramento Bee.
  12. Web site: September 30, 2015 . Land Areas of the National Forest System . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160125100853/http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/LAR2015/FY2015%20LAR%20Book.pdf . January 25, 2016 . January 20, 2021 . United States Forest Service.
  13. Web site: November 18, 2008 . Table 6 – NFS Acreage by State, Congressional District and County . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201018233835/https://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/2008/TABLE_6.htm . October 18, 2020 . January 20, 2021 . . Wayback Machine.
  14. Web site: P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Alpine County, California . United States Census Bureau.
  15. Web site: P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Alpine County, California . United States Census Bureau.
  16. Web site: 2019 ACS Age and Sex 5-Year Estimates . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128211519/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Age&t=Age%20and%20Sex&g=0500000US06003&tid=ACSST5Y2019.S0101&moe=false&hidePreview=false . January 28, 2021 . January 20, 2021 . United States Census Bureau.
  17. Web site: 2019 ACS Demographic and Housing 5-Year Estimates . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121021637/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?text=Demographics&g=0500000US06003&tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP05&moe=false&hidePreview=false . January 21, 2021 . January 20, 2021 . United States Census Bureau.
  18. Web site: 2019 ACS Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status 5-Year Estimates . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121025733/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B05002%3A+PLACE+OF+BIRTH+BY+NATIVITY+AND+CITIZENSHIP+STATUS&g=0500000US06003&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B05002&hidePreview=false . January 21, 2021 . January 20, 2021 . United States Census Bureau.
  19. Web site: U.S. Census website . January 31, 2008 . United States Census Bureau.
  20. Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1892 Presidential Election Statistics
  21. Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1908 Presidential Election Statistics
  22. Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1920 Presidential Election Statistics
  23. Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1928 Presidential Election Statistics
  24. News: September 16, 2014 . California results . March 26, 2018 . Los Angeles Times.
  25. June 9, 2023.
  26. Web site: Members Assembly . March 18, 2013 . State of California.
  27. Web site: Senators . March 18, 2013 . State of California.
  28. News: No voters at these polls . March 17, 2013 . Los Angeles Times.
  29. News: Mehta . Seema . June 17, 2014 . California's least-populous county takes voting seriously . Los Angeles Times.
  30. Web site: June 2021 . In 1970, a Group of Gay Angelenos Plotted to Turn a Rural California County into a Gay Utopia .
  31. Web site: Algeo . Matthew . Gaytopia . getpocket.com . Truly*Adventurous . 28 May 2024 . January 27, 2021.
  32. Book: Levitas, Daniel . The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right . January 20, 2004 . Macmillan . 9781429941808 . 164 . June 29, 2014.
  33. Book: Duncan, Dayton . Miles from Nowhere: Tales from America's Contemporary Frontier . September 2000 . University of Nebraska Press . 0803266278 . 259 . June 29, 2014.
  34. Web site: Statement of Vote, November 8, 2022, General Election . May 5, 2023 . California Secretary of State.
  35. Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population. Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow.
  36. Web site: 2020 U.S. Census website . December 6, 2021 . United States Census Bureau.
  37. Web site: Staff . Website Services & Coordination . US Census Bureau 2010 Census Interactive Population Map . March 26, 2018 . www.census.gov.