| Balinese | |
| Nativename: | Balinese: ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ / Balinese: ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ Bhāṣa Bali / Basä bali |
| States: | Indonesia |
| Region: | Bali, Nusa Penida, Lombok |
| Ethnicity: |
|
| Speakers: | 3.3 million |
| Date: | 2000 census |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Malayo-Sumbawan (?) |
| Fam4: | Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa |
| Ancestor: | Old Balinese |
| Dia1: | Lowland Balinese Nusa Penida Balinese |
| Script: | Latin script Balinese script |
| Agency: | Lembaga Bahasa, Aksara dan Sastra Bali[1] |
| Iso2: | ban |
| Iso3: | ban |
| Glotto: | bali1278 |
| Glottorefname: | Balinese |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Map: | File:Balinese language distribution.svg |
Balinese is an Austronesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok,[2] Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.[3] Most Balinese speakers also use Indonesian. The 2000 national census recorded 3.3 million people speakers of Balinese, however the Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog.[4]
The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language.
Balinese is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa subgroup.[5] Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali, and Nusa Penida Balinese.
According to the 2000 census, the Balinese language is spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas.
In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. However, in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.[6]
| High | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Low | pronounced as /link/ |
The official spelling denotes both pronounced as //a// and pronounced as //ə// by . However, is usually pronounced pronounced as /[ə]/ when it ends a word, and pronounced as /[ə]/ occurs also in prefixes ma-, pa- and da-.[7]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Stop/Affricate | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||||
Stress falls on the last syllable.
Even though most of the basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian are of Austronesian and Sanskrit origin, many cognates in both languages sound quite different.[8] Balinese has different registers depending on the relationship and status of those speaking: low, middle, and high . contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and Javanese (specifically Old Javanese) which reflect the fifteenth-century usage spoken by Old Javanese. The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are:
However, these mutations are not expressed by the High Balinese, thus this infer high Balinese was loanwords from Sanskrit and (Old) Javanese. These loanwords are identical in sound with their Javanese cognates.
| this | iki (ngoko), punika (krama) | |||||
| that | ||||||
| here | ||||||
| there | , | |||||
| what | apa | |||||
| human | , | manungsa | ||||
| hair | rambut | rambut | ||||
| fire | geni | |||||
| child | , | |||||
| to live | urip | |||||
| to drink | ||||||
| big | , | gĕḍe | gedhé | |||
| new | (h)añar | anyar | ||||
| day | dina, dinten | |||||
| sun | ari | |||||
| lake | ranu | tlaga | ||||
| egg | ĕṇḍog | endhog (ngoko), tigan (krama) | ||||
| friend | kañca, mitra, sakhā | kanca, kenalan, mitra | ||||
| to sightsee | ||||||
| name | (h)aran, | aran, jeneng (ngoko), wasta (krama), asma (krama inggil) | ||||
| to be, to become | ||||||
| to stay | ||||||
| from |
See main article: Balinese numerals. Balinese has a decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600.
The word order is similar to that of Indonesian, and verb and noun inflectional morphology is similarly minimal. However, derivational morphology is extensive, and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles, and optionally to indicate possession.
Balinese has 2 main dialects, the Highland dialect and the Lowland dialect. The difference between the two dialects lies in the variety of vocabulary, phonology, and usage of register (e.g. High register vs. Low register). Highland dialect, also referred as Bali Aga dialect, has a few to absence of high register while the lowland dialect recognises both high register and low register.[9] [10]
The highland dialect, also known as Bali Aga [dialect] is a dialect of the Balinese language spoken by the Bali Aga people in mountainous areas and northern part of Bali, especially in the mountain range of Kintamani, and regencies nearby such as Bangli, Buleleng, and Karangasem, as well in Nusa Penida.[9] According to Bawa (1983:394), the highland dialect is grouped into three main usage areas, namely the eastern, northern, and western regions which are detailed as follows:
Overall, there are two Highland sub-dialect that is distinct from varieties spoken in the area mentioned. Those sub-dialect are Nusa Peninda dialect, spoken majorly in Nusa Penida, and Kapara dialect (also called as Bali Kapara) notably spoken in Sembiran village, Tejakula sub-regency, Buleleng Regency with estimated 4,883 user.[9] Nusa Penida dialect on the other side was thought to be a different dialect, but there are some indication that Nusa Penida dialect might be sub-dialect of highland dialect. According to Jendra, et al. (1997), both Nusa Penida and Highland dialect share the same phonological pattern as explained below:[11]
However, there are other notable differences between the two dialects, namely the absence or reduction of the distribution of the phoneme pronounced as /link/ in word-final positions.
Balinese has been written in two different writing systems: the Balinese script, and in modern times the Latin script.
See main article: Balinese script. The Balinese script (Balinese: ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ), which is arranged as (Balinese: ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ), is an abugida, ultimately derived from the Brāhmī script of India. The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD.[13]
Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script.[14] The Balinese script is almost the same as the Javanese script.
Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as .[15]
In Balinese script, Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords tend use conservative orthography as standard form in Balinese script. The word for language, basa, in Balinese is a loanword from Old Javanese which came from the Sanskrit word, hence it is written according to Sanskrit and Old Javanese spelling in Balinese script. The form in Balinese script is used by beginner writers. Meanwhile, diacritics are not written in the current romanization of the Balinese language. Thus, both and are the standard forms.