Barbara Bergmann Explained
Barbara Rose Bergmann (20 July 1927 – 5 April 2015)[1] was a feminist economist. Her work covers many topics from childcare and gender issues to poverty and Social Security. Bergmann was a co-founder and president of the International Association for Feminist Economics, a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and Professor Emerita of Economics at the University of Maryland and American University.
History
Bergmann's parents and grandparents fled anti-Semitism and immigrated to the United States from Europe in 1914. She was born in 1927 to a Romanian-born mother and Polish-born father in the Bronx.[2] Her parents worked instead of finishing school, but they expected Barbara to adhere to the standards and traditions of American life and eventually go to college. At the age of five, she started formulating ideas about feminism, pursuing equality for men and women, because she wanted to be an independent person when she grew up, and that required money and equality. During the Great Depression, Bergmann developed a strong belief that the government should provide resources and help to individuals who faced uncontrollable circumstances or did not have the resources and knowledge to provide for themselves.
Bergmann received a scholarship to Cornell University and majored in mathematics. While in college pursuing her love for “creating models of simple processes that might or might not resemble what goes on in the actual economy,” she discovered Gunnar Myrdal’s book An American Dilemma that told of the racial inequality in the South. Myrdal's book ignited an interest in race discrimination that eventually developed into a concern for sex discrimination and followed Bergmann throughout her career.
After Bergmann graduated with a B.A. in 1948, the recession, discrimination against Jews, and workplace sex segregation made it difficult to find a job that was interesting.[3] Bergmann took a job with the federal government in the New York Office of the Bureau of Labor Statistics where she fielded public inquiries; she was head of the inquiries unit after a year. A firsthand experience with the discrimination of a black employee at the Bureau of Labor Statistics illuminated how real and pervasive race discrimination was at the time. Harvey Purdy was the only black employee at the New York office and, when Barbara managed to get him promoted, he was demoted shortly after and the job was given to someone else.
Bergmann received her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1959[4] and developed an interest in computer simulated economics, realizing that economics should be based more on observation and field research than solely theorizing. Research and experience has led Barbara Bergmann to develop theories and ideas about government policy, the implementation of observation into economics, and racial and gender equality.[5]
Organizational involvement
During the Kennedy administration Barbara Bergmann was a senior staff member of the President's Council of Economic Advisors and she was a Senior Economic Adviser with the Agency for International Development. She also served as an advisor to the Congressional Budget Office and the Bureau of the Census.
In 1965 she joined the University of Maryland, teaching there until 1988. From 1988 until 1997 she taught economics at American University.
Bergmann was also involved in numerous national and international organizations that promote advancement and equality. She served as chair of the American Economic Association Committee on the Status of Women in Economic Professions, and president of the Eastern Economic Association, the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics, the American Association of University Professors (1990-1992),[6] and the International Association for Feminist Economics (1999-2000).[7]
Awards
Barbara Bergmann received the 2004 Carolyn Shaw Bell Award for increasing the status of women in economics and creating an understanding of how women can advance in the academic field.[8]
Ideas
Bergmann has made two main contributions to economics. First, she has argued that discrimination is a pervasive characteristic of labor markets. Second, she has argued against the traditional economic methodology of drawing conclusions from a set of unrealistic assumptions. She is known for development of the "occupational crowding" hypothesis which holds that employer discrimination leads to the crowding of black men into low-wage occupations and out of high-wage occupations.[9] [10]
Economics
Bergmann argues that “a lot of what is bad does come from capitalism, but that can be corrected by appropriate government regulations, and by the generous government provision of important services and safety nets. But a lot of what is good and indispensable comes from capitalism too”.
Bergmann studied microsimulation at Harvard University with computer generated simulation that provided a model with equations of macrovariables constructed on analogies of microeconomics. She believes that microsimulation provides “rigor, realism, and an ability to incorporate complexities revealed by more empirical investigations into the workings of business.” In a class with Professor Edward Chamberlin at Harvard, Bergmann discovered that economic theory, regardless of its ingenuity or prevalence in the field, can actually produce a different picture of the economy than reality. It was in a market experiment in Chamberlin's class that Bergmann started to believe that economic theory needed to be influenced by actual observation of individuals. One of her personal views of economics is “that true anecdotes may well contain more valuable information about the state of things in the world than do economists’ theories, which are by and large nothing but (possibly untrue) stories made up by economists sitting in their offices, with no factual input whatever”.
Bergmann holds that observation and empirical evidence can lead to theories that actually reflect human behavior instead of producing theories on paper that do not always work in reality. She argues that macroeconomics can fix many social problems and economic policy can be used to enhance the lives of individuals, but economists are too persuaded by political affiliation to work toward a common goal.[11]
Gender equality
Barbara Bergmann notes that equality of the sexes was not present throughout civilization – around there is an economic and social division of labor between men and women historically. Although there has been an influx of women into the labor market and men are performing a larger amount of household labor, there is still an economic division between men and women. Bergmann views the best and most feasible option for equality to be “high commodification” where many of the household tasks and childcare predominantly performed by women are outsourced to organizations and individuals. “High commodification” would include government subsidies for childcare and availability for stipends for married couples and single mothers. Bergmann believes that an increase in commodification alone cannot bring about equality, but there also needs to be “an end to discrimination in employment, highly competitive behavior by women, and extra resources from government for families who are raising children.” Bergmann has a passion for gender equality and desires to see government provisions for equitable treatment of women in the workforce.[12]
Death
Barbara Bergmann died by suicide at her home in Bethesda, Maryland on 5 April 2015.[13] She was a longtime member of and major donor to Compassion & Choices - the nation's oldest and largest end-of-life choice advocacy organization that has secured Medical Aid in Dying for terminally ill, mentally competent adults in 11 states to date. She is survived by her son, David Martin Bergmann, and her daughter, Sarah Nellie Bergmann, as well as three grandchildren. Her husband, Fred H. Bergmann, a microbiologist at the National Institutes of Health, whom she married in 1965, died in 2011.
The International Association for Feminist Economics reported via social media that they were "saddened to learn of the recent death of Barbara Bergmann"[14] and urged people to honor her memory by donating to the Barbara Bergmann Fellowship Fund.[15]
Bibliography
Books
- Book: Berman (Bergmann) . Barbara R. . Chinitz . Benjamin . Hoover . Edgar M. . Projection of a metropolis: technical supplement to the New York Metropolitan region study . Harvard University Press . Harvard . 1961 . 1647143 .
- Book: Bergmann . Barbara R. . Wilson . George W. . Hirsch . Leon V. . Klein . Martin S. . The impact of highway investment on development . The Brookings Institution for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration - Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office . Washington D.C. . 1967 . 237483.
- Book: Bergmann . Barbara R. . Kaun . David E. . Structural unemployment in the United States . The Brookings Institution for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration - Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office . Washington D.C. . 1967 . 232411 .
- Book: Bergmann . Barbara R . Eliasson . Gunnar . Orcutt . Guy H . Micro simulation - models, methods, and applications: proceedings of a Symposium on Micro Simulation Methods, in Stockholm, September 19-22, 1977 . Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research Distributor, Almqvist & Wiksell International . Stockholm . 1980 . 9789172041141 .
- Book: Bergmann . Barbara R . Bennett . Robert L . A microsimulated transactions model of the United States economy . Johns Hopkins University Press . Baltimore . 1986 . 9780801828782 .
- Book: Bergmann, Barbara R . The economic emergence of women . registration . Basic Books . New York . 1986 . 9780465017973 . 924693274. (new ed: Book: Bergmann, Barbara R . The economic emergence of women . Palgrave Macmillan . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York . 2005 . 2nd . 9780312232436 .)
- Book: Bergmann . Barbara R . Folbre . Nancy . Agarwal . Bina . Floro . Maria . Nancy Folbre . Bina Agarwal . Women's work in the world economy . Macmillan in association with the International Economic Association . Houndmills, Basingstoke England . 1993 . 9780333592946 .
- Book: Bergmann, Barbara . In defense of affirmative action . registration . HarperCollins Canada / BasicBooks . New York . 1996 . 9780465098330 .
- Book: Bergmann, Barbara R . Saving our children from poverty: what the United States can learn from France . Russell Sage Foundation . New York . 1996 . 9780871541147 . registration .
- Book: Bergmann . Barbara R (author) . Bush . Jim (illustrator) . Is social security broke?: a cartoon guide to the issues . University of Michigan Press . Ann Arbor . 2000 . 9780472067435 .
- Book: Bergmann . Barbara R . Helburn . Suzanne W . America's child care problem: the way out . Palgrave Macmillan . New York . 2003 . 9781403962119 . registration .
Journal articles
1965 - 1969
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The urban economy and the "urban crisis" . . 59 . 4 . 639–645 . 1813235 . September 1969 .
1970 - 1974
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The effect on white incomes of discrimination in employment . . 79 . 2 . 294–313 . 1832111 . March–April 1971 . 10.1086/259744. 153417625 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Lyle . Jerolyn R. . The occupational standing of negroes by areas and industries . The Journal of Human Resources . 6 . 4 . 411–433 . 144883 . Autumn 1971 . 10.2307/144883.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Krause . William R. . Evaluating and forecasting progress in racial integration of employment . . 25 . 3 . 399–409 . 2521322 . April 1972 . 10.2307/2521322.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Atkinson . Lloyd C. . The prospect of equality of incomes between white and black families under varying rates of unemployment: a comment . The Journal of Human Resources . 7 . 4 . 545–547 . 144757 . Autumn 1972 . 10.2307/144757 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The economics of women's liberation . . 16 . 2 . 11–17 . 40720738 . May–June 1973 . 10.1080/05775132.1974.11469970.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Weintraub . Andrew . Women's lib: Who gets what? [with responds] . . 16 . 3 . 69 . 40719131 . July–August 1973 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Adelman . Irma . The 1973 report of the president's Council of Economic Advisers: the economic role of women . . 63 . 4 . 509–514 . 1808844 . September 1973 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Combining microsimulation and regression: A "prepared" regression of poverty incidence on unemployment and growth . . 41 . 5 . 955–963 . 1913816 . September 1973 . 10.2307/1913816.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Occupational segregation, wages and profits when employers discriminate by race or sex . . 1 . 2 . 103–110 . 40315472 . April 1974 .
1975 - 1979
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Combining microsimulation and regression: A reply . . 43 . 3 . 529–530 . 1914284 . May 1975 . 10.2307/1914284.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Maxfield, Jr. . Myles . How to analyze the fairness of faculty women's salaries on your own campus . AAUP Bulletin . 61 . 3 . 262–265 . 40224875 . October 1975 . 10.2307/40224875.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Bennett . Robert L. . Macroeconomic effects of a Humphrey-Hawkins type program . . 67 . 1 . 265–270 . 1815914 . February 1977 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Economists and the real world . . 21 . 1 . 9–10 . 40720825 . March–April 1978 . 10.1080/05775132.1978.11470389.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Vickery . Clair . Swartz . Katherine . Unemployment rate targets and anti-inflation policy as more women enter the workforce . . 68 . 2 . 90–94 . 1816668 . May 1978 .
1980 - 1984
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Radlinski Devine . Judith . Gordon . Patrice . Reedy . Diane . Sage . Lewis . Wise . Christina . The effect of wives' labor force participation on inequality in the distribution of family income . The Journal of Human Resources . 15 . 3 . 452–455 . 145295 . Summer 1980 . 10.2307/145295.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Social relations, productivity, and employer discrimination . . 104 . 4 . 47–49 . 41841611 . April 1981 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The share of women and men in the economic support of children . . 3 . 2 . 103–112 . 761862 . May 1981 . 10.2307/761862.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The economic risks of being a housewife . . 71 . 2 . 81–86 . 1815697 . May 1981 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Women's plight: Bad and getting worse . . 26 . 1 . 22–26 . 40720121 . March–April 1983 . 10.1080/05775132.1983.11470823.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . "Comparable Worth" for professors . Academe . 71 . 4 . 8–10 . 40249461 . July–August 1983 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Feminism and economics . Academe . 69 . 5 . 22–25 . 40249061 . September–October 1983 . 10.2307/40249061.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The growlery: Feminism and economics . . 27 . 3 . 46–49 . 40720250 . July–August 1984 . 10.1080/05775132.1984.11470936.
1985 - 1989
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Berga . Sarah L. . Sherman . Frederick S. . The economic well-being of women . . 233 . 4763 . 510 . 1697603 . August 1986 . 10.1126/science.233.4763.510. 17820456 . 9976007 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . "Measurement" or finding things out in economics . . 18 . 2 . 191–201 . 10.1080/00220485.1987.10845207 . 1182755 . Spring 1987 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Comment on Higgins's "Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Legal, Social, and Ideological Changes" . . 12 . 3 . 606–607 . 3174348 . Spring 1987 . 10.1086/494355. 143902408 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Pay equity—surprising answers to hard questions . . 30 . 2 . 45–51 . 40720578 . May–June 1987 . 10.1080/05775132.1987.11471160.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Women's roles in the economy: Teaching the issues . . 18 . 4 . 393–407 . 10.1080/00220485.1987.10845230 . 1182120 . Autumn 1987 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . A fresh start on welfare reform . . 30 . 5 . 44–50 . 40720533 . November–December 1987 . 10.1080/05775132.1987.11471200.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Does the market for women's labor need fixing? . . 3 . 1 . 43–60 . 10.1257/jep.3.1.43 . 1942964 . Winter 1989 . free .
1990 - 1994
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Kliever . Lonnie D. . Weistart . John C. . Mason . Henry L. . Lonnie D. Kliever . The role of faculty in the governance of college athletics: A report of the special committee on athletics . Academe . 76 . 1 . 43–47 . 40249664 . January–February 1990 . 10.2307/40249664 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Women's roles in the economy: teaching the issues . . 18 . 3–4 . 6–22 . 40003170 . Fall–Winter 1990 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Feminism and economics . . 18 . 3–4 . 68–74 . 40003175 . Fall–Winter 1990 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Micro-to-macro simulation: A primer with a labor market example . . 4 . 1 . 99–116 . 10.1257/jep.4.1.99 . 1942834 . Winter 1990 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Do sports really make money for the university? . Academe . 77 . 1 . 28–30 . 40251010 . January–February 1991 . 10.2307/40251010.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Perspective: Professors should back national health insurance . Academe . 77 . 3 . 62 . 40251010 . May–June 1991 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Bloated administration, blighted campuses . Academe . 77 . 6 . 12–16 . 40250269 . November–December 1991 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Renwick . Trudi J. . A budget-based definition of poverty: with an application to single-parent families . The Journal of Human Resources . 28 . 1 . 1–24 . 10.2307/146086 . Winter 1993 . 146086 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Curing child poverty in the United States . . 84 . 2 . 76–80 . 2117805 . May 1994 .
1995 - 1999
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Becker's theory of the family: preposterous conclusions . . 1 . 1 . 141–150 . 10.1080/714042218 . 1995 .
Reprinted as: Bergmann . Barbara R. . Becker's theory of the family: preposterous conclusions . . 39 . 1 . 9–12 . 40721661 . January–February 1996 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Hartmann . Heidi . Heidi Hartmann . A welfare reform based on help for working parents . . 1 . 2 . 85–89 . 10.1080/714042236 . July 1995 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Hartmann . Heidi . Heidi Hartmann . Get real! Look to the future, not the past . . 1 . 2 . 109–119 . 10.1080/714042241 . July 1995 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Wetchler . Sherry . Child support awards: state guidelines vs. public opinion . Family Law Quarterly . 29 . 3 . 483–493 . Fall 1995 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Real welfare reform: Help for working parents . . 39 . 5 . 34–37 . 40721705 . September–October 1996 . 10.1080/05775132.1996.11471923.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Government support for families with children in the United States and France . . 3 . 1 . 85–94 . 10.1080/135457097338825 . January 1997 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Selections from in defense of affirmative action . Academe . 83 . 1 . 29–34 . 40251560 . January–February 1997 . 10.2307/40251560.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The only ticket to equality: total androgyny, male style . Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues . 9 . 75–86 . 1998 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Steiner . Peter O. . Poston . Muriel E. . Peter O. Steiner . Academic freedom and tenure: University of the district of Columbia: Massive terminations of faculty appointments . Academe . 84 . 3 . 46–55 . 40251266 . May–June 1998 . 10.2307/40251266 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Two cheers for CSWEP? . . 12 . 4 . 185–189 . 10.1257/jep.12.4.185 . 2646902 . Autumn 1998 . free .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Abolish the Nobel Prize for economics . . 42 . 2 . 52–57 . 40721934 . March–April 1999 . 10.1080/05775132.1999.11472090.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Making child care "affordable" in the United States . . 563 . 1 . 208–219 . 1048949 . May 1999 . 10.1177/0002716299563001013.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Correspondence: Women at NBER: a correction . . 13 . 3 . 240 . 10.1257/jep.13.3.235 . 2647003 . Summer 1999 .
2000 - 2004
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Subsidizing child care by mothers at home . . 6 . 1 . 77–88 . 10.1080/135457000337688 . January 2000 . 153822042 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Gray . Mary . Mary W. Gray . Student teaching evaluations: Inaccurate, demeaning, misused . Academe . 89 . 5 . 44–46 . 10.2307/40253388 . 40253388 . September–October 2003 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . A Swedish-style welfare state or basic income: Which should have priority? . Politics & Society . 32 . 1 . 107–118 . 10.1177/0032329203261101 . March 2004 . 154939934 .
- Bergmann . Barbara . Himmelweit . Susan F. . Green . Kate . Albelda . Randy P. . Women's Committee of One Hundred . Koren . Charlotte . Susan Himmelweit . Kate Green . Randy Albelda . Lone mothers: What is to be done? . . 10 . 2 . 237–264 . 10.1080/1354570042000217793 . July 2004 . 154744396 .
2005 - 2009
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Could social security go broke? . . 2 . 1 . 1–4 . 10.2202/1553-3832.1012 . April 2005 . 201120976 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The current state of economics: needs a lot of work . . 600 . 1 . 52–67 . 10.1177/0002716205276731 . July 2005 . 154752384 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Pushing for a more humane society . The American Economist . 49 . 2 . 11–15 . 25604321 . Fall 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150412061217/http://www.americaneconomist.org/abstracts/2005fall.html . 2015-04-12 . 10.1177/056943450504900202. 220082021 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Bad trade . . 85 . 4 . 202 . 20032061 . July–August 2006 . 10.2307/20032061.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The nurse shortage is a crime . . 49 . 6 . 93–102 . 10.2753/0577-5132490606 . 40722416 . November–December 2006 . 154658279 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Reducing inequality: merit goods vs. income grants . . 53 . 1 . 67–72 . 10.1353/dss.2006.0012 . Winter 2006 . 154218339 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Needed: a new empiricism . . 4 . 2 . 1–4 . 10.2202/1553-3832.1228 . March 2007 . 201101442 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The economy and the economics profession: both need work . . 35 . 1 . 2–9 . 10.1057/eej.2008.49 . Winter 2009 . 152443560 .
2010 - 2015
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Is prosperity possible without growth? . . 53 . 5 . 49–56 . 27896616 . 10.2753/0577-5132530504 . September–October 2010 . 154352496 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . Sex segregation in the blue-collar occupations: Women's choices or unremedied discrimination? Comment on England . . 25 . 1 . 88–93 . 25789924 . 10.1177/0891243210389813 . February 2011 . 145286509 .
Other
See also
Further reading
List of articles:
Strober . Myra H. . Myra Strober . Introduction: This one's for you, Barbara . . 4 . 3 . 1 . 10.1080/135457098338266 . January 1998 . free .
Ferber . Marianne A. . Marianne A. Ferber . Barbara Bergmann: Scholar, mentor and activist . . 4 . 3 . 3–4 . 10.1080/135457098338275 . January 1998 .
Strober . Elizabeth A. . Interview with Barbara Bergmann . . 4 . 3 . 5–6 . 10.1080/135457098338284 . January 1998 .
Modigliani . Franco . Franco Modigliani . Lessons learned from Barbara . . 4 . 3 . 143–144 . 10.1080/135457098338347 . January 1998 .
Presser . Harriet B. . Harriet Presser . Decapitating the U.S. Census Bureau's "Head of Household": Feminist mobilization in the 1970s . . 4 . 3 . 145–158 . 10.1080/135457098338356 . January 1998 . 12294932 .
Folbre . Nancy . Nancy Folbre . Barbara, the market, and the state . . 4 . 3 . 159–168 . 10.1080/135457098338365 . January 1998 .
Hartmann . Heidi . Heidi Hartmann . The economic emergence of women: Bergmann's six commitments . . 4 . 3 . 169–180 . 10.1080/135457098338374 . January 1998 .
McCloskey . Deirdre . Deirdre McCloskey . Simulating Barbara . . 4 . 3 . 181–186 . 10.1080/135457098338383 . January 1998 .
Riach . Peter A. . Rich . Judith . Of chicken entrails, anthropology, and a realistic social science . . 4 . 3 . 187–191 . 10.1080/135457098338392 . January 1998 .
External links
Notes and References
- News: Schwartzapril . Nelson D. . Barbara Bergmann, trailblazer for study of gender in economics, is dead at 87 . . New York . 11 April 2015 . 12 April 2015 .
- Book: Olson . Paulette I. . Emami . Zohreh . Engendering economics conversations with women economists in the United States . 55 . Routledge . London New York . 2003 . 9780415205566 .
- Book: Szenberg . Michael . Ramrattan . Lall B. . Michael Szenberg . Reflections of eminent economists . 65 . Edward Elgar . Cheltenham, UK Northampton, Massachusetts . 2004 . 9781845423636 . I had graduated in the midst of the first post-World War II recession and jobs were scarce. I had two other strikes against me in finding one. In those days, there was discrimination against Jews, and the want ads were segregated by sex under 'Help Wanted, Male' and "Help Wanted, Female'. .
- Book: Pressman, Steven . Steven Pressman (economist) . Fifty major economists . 182 . Routledge . London New York . 1999 . 9780415134811 .
- Email Interview between Barbara Bergmann and Tara Grigg. March 28, 2007.
- Web site: Presidents of the AAUP. AAUP. 3 September 2008. 2017-06-24.
- Web site: Bergmann in britannica.com. 2017-06-26.
- Barbara R. Bergman receipt of the 2004 Carolyn Shaw Bell Award . . 7 April 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120207033528/http://www.cswep.org/PDFs/Bell_announcement.pdf . 7 February 2012 .
- Small . Sarah F. . 2022 . Tracing Barbara Bergmann's Occupational Crowding Hypothesis: A Recent History . History of Political Economy . 54 . 193–220 . 10.1215/00182702-10085696 . 251537322 . 0018-2702.
- Holder . Michelle . 2018 . Revisiting Bergmann's Occupational Crowding Model . Review of Radical Political Economics . en . 50 . 4 . 683–690 . 10.1177/0486613418788406 . 158821761 . 0486-6134.
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The current state of economics: needs a lot of work . . 600 . 1 . 52–67 . 10.1177/0002716205276731 . July 2005 . 154752384 .
- Bergmann . Barbara R. . The only ticket to equality: total androgyny, male style . Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues . 9 . 75–86 . 1998 .
- Weil, Martin (13 April 2015). "Barbara Bergmann, leader in gender-based economics, dies at 87." The Washington Post (Washington: The Washington Post Company). Retrieved 16 April 2015.
- Web site: International Association for Feminist Economics . Facebook account . 7 April 2015 .
- Web site: Announcing the Barbara Bergmann Fellowship Fund . . 7 April 2015 .