In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a (left) Bousfield localization of a model category replaces the model structure with another model structure with the same cofibrations but with more weak equivalences.
Bousfield localization is named after Aldridge Bousfield, who first introduced this technique in the context of localization of topological spaces and spectra.[1] [2]
Given a class C of morphisms in a model category M the left Bousfield localization is a new model structure on the same category as before. Its equivalences, cofibrations and fibrations, respectively, are
and (necessarily, since cofibrations and weak equivalences determine the fibrations)
In this definition, a C-local equivalence is a map
f\colonX\toY
f*\colon\operatorname{map}(Y,W)\to\operatorname{map}(X,W)
s*\colon\operatorname{map}(B,W)\to\operatorname{map}(A,W)
s\colonA\toB
\operatorname{map}(-,-)
\pi0(\operatorname{map}(X,Y))=\operatorname{Hom}Ho(M)(X,Y).
This description does not make any claim about the existence of this model structure, for which see below.
Dually, there is a notion of right Bousfield localization, whose definition is obtained by replacing cofibrations by fibrations (and reversing directions of all arrows).
The left Bousfield localization model structure, as described above, is known to exist in various situations, provided that C is a set:
Combinatoriality and cellularity of a model category guarantee, in particular, a strong control over the cofibrations of M.
Similarly, the right Bousfield localization exists if M is right proper and cellular or combinatorial and C is a set.
C[W-1]
C\toC[W-1]
C\toD
The Bousfield localization is the appropriate analogous notion for model categories, keeping in mind that isomorphisms in ordinary category theory are replaced by weak equivalences. That is, the (left) Bousfield localization
LCM
M\toLCM
M\toN
M\toLCM
S(p)
The stable homotopy category is the homotopy category (in the sense of model categories) of spectra, endowed with the stable model structure. The stable model structure is obtained as a left Bousfield localization of the level (or projective) model structure on spectra, whose weak equivalences (fibrations) are those maps which are weak equivalences (fibrations, respectively) in all levels.[3]
Morita model structure on the category of small dg categories is Bousfield localization of the standard model structure (the one for which the weak equivalences are the quasi-equivalences).