Chono | |
States: | Chile |
Region: | Chonos Archipelago, Chiloé Archipelago |
Ethnicity: | Chono people |
Extinct: | 1875 |
Familycolor: | American |
Family: | unclassified |
Iso3: | none |
Glotto: | chon1248 |
Glottorefname: | Chono |
Chono is a poorly attested extinct language of confusing classification. It is attested primarily from an 18th-century catechism,[1] which is not translated into Spanish.
Various placenames in Chiloé Archipelago have Chono etymologies, despite the main indigenous language of the archipelago at the arrival of the Spanish being Veliche.[2]
Campbell (2012) concludes that the language called Chono or Wayteka or Wurk-wur-we by Llaras Samitier (1967) is spurious, with the source material being a list of mixed and perhaps invented vocabulary.[3]
Viegas Barros, who postulates a relationship between Kawesqar and Yaghan, believes that 45% of the Chono vocabulary and grammatical forms correspond to one of those languages, though it is not close to either.[4]
Glottolog concludes that "There are lexical parallels with Mapuche as well as Qawesqar, ... but the core is clearly unrelated." They characterize Chono as a "language isolate", which corresponds to an unclassified language in other classifications.
The following list of Chono (Wayteka) words, as spoken in the Gulf of Penas, is from Samitier (1967).[5] It was later found to be spurious by Campbell (2012).
Chono (Wayteka) | English gloss (translated) | Spanish gloss (original) | notes (English translations) | notes (Spanish original) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
tónkekoq | grandfather | abuelo | same as 'old man' | igual que ‘hombre viejo’ | |
maáksa | water | agua | drinking water | agua potable | |
kamóka | wing | ala | |||
neks | bitter | amargo | bitter taste | gusto amargo | |
káaʃer | friend | amigo | same as 'like a son' | igual que ‘como un hijo’ | |
saco | anchor | ancla | según Fitz Roy | ||
noksawlek | year | año | |||
walete | plow | arado | wooden stick for removing dirt | según Fitz Roy. Pala para remover la tierra en las islas. Era de madera | |
mékta | tree | árbol | any tree | cualquier árbol | |
walt | bow | arco | bow for shooting arrows | arco para disparar flechas | |
kénkapon | rainbow | arco iris | lit. 'eye of sky' | significa ‘ojo del cielo’ | |
káukan | bustard | avutarda | |||
tékam | blue | azul | cf. tepon 'color of the sky' | también, tepon, que significa ‘color del cielo’ | |
katáiʃ | whale | ballena | |||
táiʃkoq | beard | barba | beard of old man | barba del ‘hombre viejo’ | |
léikse | drink | beber | |||
taiʃo | moustache | bigote | |||
wékorq | white | blanco | like foam of ocean waves | como espuma de la ola | |
láur | mouth | boca | lit. 'to speak'; cf. la 'tongue' | ‘para hablar’, igual que la, lengua | |
rálm | ember | brasa | |||
tákfo | sorcerer | brujo | igual que Fo, un brujo legendario | ||
mókstap | head | cabeza | |||
wampus | canoe | canoa | piragua (dalca en araucano) | ||
pon | sky | cielo | |||
ɣas’e | clarity | claridad | daylight (without sun); also daytime deity | la luz del día, sin sol. Divinidad diurna ... citada en sus mitos. | |
swa’kalk | heart | corazón | que golpea adentro | ||
ka’wais | Chiloé | our 'island of stones' | nuestra ‘isla de piedra’ | ||
kémaway, ketámaway | hut | choza | |||
arks | finger | dedo | also called: lek 'one' | también lo llamaban lek, que quiere decir uno | |
wárʃɣa | day | día | from dawn to night | desde el amanecer hasta la noche | |
mótok | doubt | dudar | same as 'to think' | igual que ‘pensar’ | |
kseksel | age | edad | |||
ʃérri-ʃúpon | good spirit | espíritu bueno | lit. 'son of the sky' | el ‘hijo del cielo’ | |
sacima | evil spirit | espíritu malo | |||
terk | spit | escupir | |||
kíχie | star | estrella | |||
oméke | lantern | farol | |||
pénkel | cold | frío | |||
ʃéku | fire | fuego | |||
wur | speak | hablar | |||
ʃer | son | hijo | |||
ʃérse | daughter | hija | |||
téka | native man | hombre nativo | |||
kúwa | white man | hombre blanco | Fitz Roy anota kubba | ||
yagépo | winter | invierno | lit. 'time without sin' | significa ‘tiempo sin sol’ | |
wa, we | island | isla | |||
ʃo | lip | labio | |||
táka | wolf | lobo | same as 'seal' | igual que foca. Píur según; Juan I. Molina. | |
gérak | bright star | lucero | |||
ay | place | lugar | cf. aysen 'place of drizzle/fog' | aysen, significa lugar de las lloviznas o neblinas | |
kiráke | moon | luna | |||
omése | mother | madre | |||
ma’a | mother (voc.) | mamá | first words of infants | primera voz de los niños | |
ksewa | hand | mano | |||
wanéʃe | woman | mujer | |||
ksárro | blanket | manta | blanket made from dyed animal skins | carro, según Molina. Manta de pieles teñidas | |
nékseks | swim | nadar | |||
ko’o | black | negro | |||
konkóse | girl | niña | |||
konkok | boy | niño | |||
λosen | snow | nieve | |||
sen | fog | niebla | also 'drizzle' | también ‘llovizna’ | |
nenke | no | no | negation | negación | |
pónse | cloud | nube | means 'fog of the sky' | ‘niebla del cielo’ | |
cincimen | otter | nutria | según Juan I. Molina | ||
ʃóko | ocean | océano | Pacific Ocean | el océano Pacífico | |
pérkse | darkness | obscuridad | same as 'night' | igual que la noche. Divinidad nocturna | |
ténkok | father | padre | |||
áwitem | paradise | paraíso | afterworld | mansión en que imaginaban a sus muertos | |
táiʃ | hair | pelo | |||
téwa | dog | perro | dogs to help with fishing | perro, que empleaban para ayudarles en la pesca | |
akína | priest | papa | priests in the forest | papas silvestres. Darwin anota el mismo vocablo | |
ménka | foot | pie | |||
éwenk | blood | sangre | animal blood | sangre de animales | |
wíwe | whistle (v., n.) | silbar, silbido | |||
kilineχa | rope | soga | rope from plant fibers | soga vegetal según Juan I. Molina | |
gépon | sun | sol | |||
wil | south | sud | also 'southerly wind' | también llamaban asi al viento frío del sud | |
sékewil | dream | sueño | |||
tiki | table, plank | tabla o tablón | canoe planks | tablones de las canoas. Según Molina también nombre de un árbol | |
wask | earth | tierra | |||
kákwe | green | verde | same as prairie grass | igual que el pasto de las vegas | |
pokéye | summer | verano | sunny season, 'to shine (of sky)' | tiempo de sol, ‘brilla el cielo’ | |
áriɣm | wind | viento | storm winds only | únicamente el viento de la tempestad | |
lek | one | uno | |||
wo, wotok | two | dos | dos, ‘un par’ | ||
kselek | three | tres | |||
wowo | four | cuatro | 2 x 2 | dos pares | |
ksewo | five | cinco | 5 | una mano | |
kselekwo | six | seis | 2 x 3 | tres, dos veces | |
ksewowo | seven | siete | 3+4 | tres, más cuatro | |
ksewowolek | eight | ocho | 5+2+1 | una mano, un par y uno | |
lekwonenk | nine | nueve | 5+5-1 | dos manos menos uno | |
wire | ten | diez | 5+5 | o wire-ksewo, dos manos completas |