Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Explained
The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (CRB) (or HRB), also known as Ustasha, was an Australian-based Croatian separatist terrorist organisation.[1] [2] [3]
The organisation was established by four Croatian emigres: Jure Maric, Ilija Tolic, Josip Oblak, and Geza Pasti. Geza Pasti was a former Ustashi officer.[4] The organisation carried out terrorist actions in Europe and Australia.[5] The organisation was active throughout the territory of Yugoslavia in the early and mid-1960s. Its aim was to start an uprising in Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatia. This mission failed due to the intervention of the State Security Administration, the Yugoslav secret police.[6]
Actions
Notable members
Some notable CRB members were:
- Jure Maric
- Ilija Tolic
- Josip Oblak
These people were also members of Ante Pavelić's Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP) but they left that organisation because they decided they would not achieve their goals through the political route.[4]
UDBA, the Yugoslav secret police, attempted to curb the group's terrorist activities by engaging in covert assassinations of its members. Geza Pašti was killed in Nice in 1965, and Marijan Šimundić was killed in Stuttgart in 1967.
The CRB/HRB's motto was: "Život za Hrvatsku" ["Life for Croatia"].
See also
Bibliography
- Book: Adriano . Pino . Cingolani . Giorgio . Epilogue The Question of the Ustasha between Yugoslavia and the Vatican, 1952–72 . Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War . Central European University Press . Budapest; New York . 2018 . 978-963-386-206-3 . 8182808968 . 10.7829/j.ctv4cbhsr . 409–436.
- Book: Koschade, Stuart . Doomed to Repeat: Terrorism and the Lessons of History . New Academic Publishing . 2009 . Brawley . Sean . Washington DC . 227–303 . The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood: Action Kangaroo . 9780981865492 . registration.
- Koschade . Stuart . The Internal Dynamics of Terrorist Cells: A Social Network Analysis of Terrorist Cells in an Australian Context . 2007 . PhD . Queensland University of Technology .
- Book: Cottle . Drew . Histories of Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Australia . Keys . Angela . 2022 . Routledge . 978-1-003-12096-4 . Smith . Evan . London . Fascism in Exile: Ustasha-Linked Organisations in Australia . 10.4324/9781003120964-7 . Persian . Jane . Fox . Vashti Jane.
- Book: Tokić, Mate Nikola . Croatian Radical Separatism and Diaspora Terrorism During the Cold War . Purdue University Press . 2020 . 9781557538918 . West Lafayette, Indiana . en.
Notes and References
- Book: Jaensch, Dean . The Macmillan Dictionary of Australian politics . 1992 . Macmillan . 978-0-7329-1445-5 . Melbourne . 215.
- Book: Atkins, Stephen E. . Terrorism: A Reference Handbook . 1992 . ABC-CLIO . 978-0-87436-670-9 . Santa Barbara. Calif. . 109.
- Book: Aarons, Mark . War Criminals Welcome: Australia, A Sanctuary for Fugitive War Criminals Since 1945 . Black Inc. . 2001 . Melbourne . 15.
- Book: Brawley, Sean . Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood . Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History . New Academia Publishing . 2009 . 9781955835046 .
- Book: Cain, Frank . ASIO in the 1960s and 1970s . The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History . F. Cass . Abington; New York, NY . 1994 . 978-1-136-29385-6 . 819635772 . 206–207 . https://archive.org/details/australiansecuri00cain/page/206/mode/2up . registration . Internet Archive.
- Book: Hockenos, Paul . Paul Hockenos . Chapter 3: The Avengers of Bleiburg . Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars . 2003 . 978-1-5017-2565-4 . 10.7591/9781501725654 . 606993935 . 60–61.
- Tokic . Mate Nikola . The End of 'Historical-Ideological Bedazzlement': Cold War Politics and Emigre Croatian Separatist Violence, 1950-1980 . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 36 . 3 . 2012-08-06 . 0145-5532 . 10.1215/01455532-1595408 . 23258106 . 421–445. 246273836 .
- Book: Tokić, Mate Nikola . Party Politics, National Security, and Émigré Political Violence in Australia, 1949–1973 . https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9_16 . subscription . Heitmeyer . Wilhelm . Wilhelm Heitmeyer . Haupt . Heinz-Gerhard . Heinz-Gerhard Haupt . Malthaner . Stefan . Kirschner . Andrea . Control of Violence . Springer New York . New York, NY . 2011 . 978-1-4419-0382-2 . 10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9 . 695388665 . 395–396.
- Book: Brawley, Sean . Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History . New Academia Publishing, LLC . Washington, DC . 2009 . 978-1-955835-04-6 . 1265464219 . 283–298.