Crown Building (Manhattan) Explained

The Crown Building (formerly the Heckscher Building and Genesco Building) is a 25-story, NaNm416NaNmm (-2,147,483,648feet416-2,147,483,648feetm) building at 730 Fifth Avenue, on the southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Constructed between 1920 and 1922 for the philanthropist August Heckscher, the structure was designed by Warren and Wetmore as an office building. The lower levels contain retail space, while the upper levels became the luxury Aman New York hotel and residences in 2022. The structure has been a New York City designated landmark since 2024.

The building's stepped setback design was regulated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution. Its exterior includes French Renaissance details and is divided into a nine-story base, a twelve-story shaft, and a four-story octagonal pyramidal roof. The facade is largely made of limestone, with brick and terracotta detailing, along with of gold leaf. The lower stories include retail stores, while the upper stories originally contained offices before they were redesigned by Jean-Michel Gathy in the 2020s. The upper stories are split up into 22 condominium residences, 83 hotel rooms, and amenity spaces such as a spa and three restaurants. Over the years, the building has received commentary for its general shape and for the design of its roof.

August Heckscher acquired land for the building from 1913 to 1918. After the Heckscher Building was completed, it housed several businesses and art galleries, and it was also the Museum of Modern Art's first home. Heckscher lost the building to foreclosure in 1938. Charles F. Noyes and Joseph Durst bought the building in 1946 before reselling it four years later. It was renamed the Genesco Building in 1964 and sold again in 1966. The structure was purchased in 1981 by Philippine dictator Ferdinand E. Marcos, and the name was changed to the Crown Building in 1983, after its crown-like look when illuminated at night. The Crown Building was the focus of various lawsuits after the fall of the Marcos regime, and in 1991, Bernard Spitzer and partners Marvin Winter and Jerome L. Greene acquired the building. In 2015, Michael Shvo and Russian billionaire Vladislav Doronin purchased the office portion of the building. OKO Group took over the upper stories, which were converted to hotel and residential use from 2019 to 2022.

Site

The Crown Building is at 730 Fifth Avenue, at the southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The land lot is composed of a rectangular site at Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, as well as a connected site at 56th Street. The lot covers, with a frontage of on Fifth Avenue and a depth of along 57th Street.^[1] On the same block is the townhouse at 17 West 56th Street. The 712 Fifth Avenue skyscraper and the townhouses at 10 and 12 West 56th Street are one block south, while the Bergdorf Goodman Building and Solow Building are immediately across 57th Street to the north. Other nearby buildings include 3 East 57th Street to the northwest; the Tiffany & Co. flagship store, Trump Tower, and 590 Madison Avenue to the east; and the Corning Glass Building to the southeast.

Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century.^[2] The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York.^[3] The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring deep and wide.^[4] Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War. These included two residences on Fifth Avenue and 57th Street: a mansion belonging to Frederic W. Stevens at the southwest corner, and the Cornelius Vanderbilt II House on the northwest corner. By the 1900s, that section of Fifth Avenue was becoming a commercial area,^[5] and stores were also developed on 57th Street in the 1910s.^[6] After about 1921, art galleries started to supplant residences on 57th Street,^[7] and other art galleries developed on the street in general.^[8]

The Crown Building is also near a former artistic hub around a two-block section of West 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway. The hub had been developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, after the opening of Carnegie Hall on Seventh Avenue in 1891.^{[9] [10]} The area contained several headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the ASCE Society House. The Crown Building also had art-related tenants such as the Museum of Modern Art in the early 20th century.^[11] By the 21st century, the arts hub had largely been replaced with Billionaires' Row, a series of luxury skyscrapers around the southern end of Central Park.^[12]

Previous buildings

Before the Crown Building's construction, the site at 728 Fifth Avenue was occupied by a marble townhouse belonging to the businessman Charles W. Morse.^[13] The Morse family owned the house until it was sold at a foreclosure auction in 1910,^[14] then acquired by the businessman Harry Payne Whitney in May 1911.^[15]

Next door at 2 West 57th Street was a mansion built from 1875 to 1876 for the lawyer and banker Frederic W. Stevens. The Stevens house, designed by George E. Harney, was smaller in scale compared to similar mansions along the avenue. The Stevens house's interior was undistinguished, except for a ballroom imported from Belgium; it also was acquired by the Whitney family by the 1910s.

Architecture

The Crown Building was designed by Charles D. Wetmore of Warren and Wetmore and completed in 1921 as the Heckscher Building.^[16] Wetmore had invested in the tower's construction along with the mining magnate August Heckscher.^[17] The structure includes details in the French Renaissance style, which had been selected because it was similar to the style used by the Cornelius Vanderbilt II Mansion nearby.^[18] Châteauesque decorations like salamanders were incorporated into the design. The Crown Building was one of the city's last skyscrapers to be completed before Art Deco architecture in New York City gained popularity. George Backer Inc. was the building's main contractor. Several other firms, including terracotta contractor New York Architectural Terra-Cotta and marble contractor A. R. Zicha Marble Co., provided construction materials and mechanical systems.

Form and facade

The structure is 25 stories high,^[19] with a nine-story base, a twelve-story shaft, and four-story octagonal pyramidal roof. The building was divided into stores and showrooms on the lower levels and offices on the upper floors. In addition to the main structure on 57th Street and Fifth Avenue, there was a six-story annex facing 56th Street,^[20] which originally had its own entrance. The annex measured 100by across, stood six stories high, and contained accommodations for employees who worked in the main structure. In 2021, the annex on 56th Street was replaced with a glass structure.^[21]

The Crown Building's massing, or shape, was regulated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution. There are three primary setbacks, at the 10th, 13th, and 21st stories. The building is set back a different distance from each of the surrounding streets, and different setbacks were required for each elevation, since 56th Street is narrower than either 57th Street or Fifth Avenue. The shaft is located toward the southern end of the site, near the center of the block, and the setbacks on each side are complex and asymmetrical. In addition, when the Heckscher Building was completed, it could be seen from several miles north, across the nearby Central Park. After the building was converted into a hotel and residential building in the 2020s, outdoor terraces and swimming pools were added to the setbacks.^[22] Some of the setbacks also have glass railings.

The facade is made of limestone, buff-colored brick, and cream-colored architectural terracotta. The facade is decorated with of 23-karat gold leaf, which was added in the 1980s.^[23] According to a promotional brochure from the time, was the largest such application of gold leaf in a commercial building in the U.S.^[24] Terracotta reliefs drew attention to each of the main setbacks, while copper spandrel panels with reliefs were used to unite the windows on different stories. When the building opened, the spandrel panels were coated in acid to turn them bright green. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat lists the building as being tall. Originally, the building measured tall from the ground to the tip of its weather vane.

Base

The lowest nine stories are clad with Indiana limestone. There are cornices above the 2nd, 3rd, and 8th stories, dividing the building's base horizontally into four segments. At ground level, the northern facade along 57th Street measures across and is divided vertically into 18 bays. The eastern facade on Fifth Avenue is across and is divided into 11 bays. The lowest two stories contain double-height storefronts divided by limestone pilasters and topped by flat arches with small brackets and rounded corners. The storefronts were originally one story high, but their heights were increased at some point after 1983. One of the storefronts (the Bulgari store at the corner of 57th Street and Fifth Avenue) has a mesh facade whose design is patterned after a 1930s bracelet clasp.^[25] The original main entrance was at the far left (south) end of the Fifth Avenue elevation; it contained four doors, flanked by columns and pilasters.

Above the 2nd story, the northeast corner (facing 57th Street and Fifth Avenue) has a column with a spiraling pattern, which supports a pedestal with brackets atop the 8th story. For the most part, the windows on the 3rd through 9th stories are rectangular windows set within the limestone facade. After 1983, the third-story windows were widened to encompass several bays each. At the center of the Fifth Avenue and 57th Street elevations of the facade, some of the windows have gilded spandrel panels with faces, leaves, and fleurs-de-lis. The cornice above the 9th floor is topped by a balustrade made of stone or terracotta, which in turn is decorated with salamander motifs. At the 9th story, there is a statue of a woman at the northeast corner.

Shaft

Above the 9th story, the building is clad with brick and has terracotta trim. The shaft is clad with custom bricks measuring 4x. The 10th through 21st stories comprise the shaft, which is set back from the base. The shaft is clad with buff brick, except for curved masonry quoins at each corner. The facade's eastern elevation faces Fifth Avenue. The main portion of the eastern elevation is six bays wide and has a setback above the 13th story; there are two additional bays to the south, which rise to a masonry pediment above the 15th story. The northern elevation is thirteen bays wide on the 10th through 13th stories; due to the setback on Fifth Avenue, this facade is ten bays wide on the 14th through 21st stories. The inner bays on the eastern and northern elevations have gilded spandrel panels similar to those in the base, while the outermost bay on either end has plain spandrels. Additionally, the 21st story has terracotta window frames.The southern and western elevations are partly obscured by other structures. The southern elevation has no windows, except on the 21st story and its western portion. This is because, at the time of the Heckscher Building's construction, the architects had anticipated that another building might be built directly to the south; for the same reason, the building's elevator banks are all clustered along the southern facade. The western elevation has cornices, spandrel panels, terracotta frames, and some ventilation grilles.

Roof

The gilded spandrel panels above the 22nd story resemble the spandrel panels used in the base and shaft. On the 24th story, each bay is separated vertically by panels with rhombus motifs, and there are colonettes with spiral motifs at each corner. The 24th-story windows are topped by a horizontal row of corbels. Above the southwest corner of the 24th story is a chimney with rhombus, chevron, and salamander motifs. The 25th story is set back and contains several ornate dormer windows with pilasters, shell motifs, cartouches, and pediments.

Above the 25th story rises an octagonal, pyramidal roof, which is painted green and is pierced by two stories of windows. The top of the pyramid includes ball, ring, and garland motifs. There was originally a "golden cock" atop the roof,^[26] which was part of a weather vane. The figure weighed and measured 10by. Immediately below the rooster, there was also a small observation deck with replicas of jewels. The weather vane was removed during World War II.

Features

The building originally had of retail space,^[27] as well as of office space. The lowest nine stories were originally used as showrooms and stores, and the upper stories had offices. There were 10 passenger elevators from the ground floor to the upper stories. By the 2020s, the lowest three stories were used as retail space, while the 4th floor and above were used as a hotel and residences.^[28]

Base

Originally, the building's base contained numerous art galleries and showrooms. In the basement were a shipping room and freight-handling facilities.^[29] At ground level was a T-shaped shopping arcade. One leg of the arcade was flanked by small shops and ran from 57th to 56th Street, while another leg ran east to Fifth Avenue. The entrance vestibule from Fifth Avenue had bluestone floors, carved limestone walls, and a pair of stained-glass windows. The arcades and elevator lobbies had black-and-gold marble walls with brass trim, while the floors were made of black Belgian marble tile with brass inserts. Eight of the building's passenger elevators were in the Fifth Avenue leg of the arcade, while the other two elevators were located in the annex, with a separate elevator vestibule. There were also display cases facing the elevators, in addition to a telephone stand.

Residences and hotel

Following the building's conversion to the Aman New York hotel in 2022, the building has contained 22 residential condominium apartments, in addition to 83 hotel suites.^{[30] [31]} The hotel and residences have separate entrances.^[32] Glass soundproofing is used throughout both the hotel and residences. The Aman New York's spaces are generally decorated in what one magazine described as "minimalist colors", although there are also gold-plated decorations, an allusion to the gold leaf on the facade.^[33]

The hotel suites were designed by Jean-Michel Gathy.^{[34] [35]} Each of the hotel rooms covers between 340ft22770ft2;^[36] at the time of the building's conversion, even the smallest rooms were twice the average size of a studio apartment in Midtown.^[37] Various woods are used for doors, floors, and other furniture, and steel, brass, and bronze are also used. The rooms have contemporary furniture, which is interspersed with the original Beaux-Arts interior decorations. The hotel units have Japanese-inspired decorations, including patterned stone floors, movable doors with rice paper panels, and large murals inspired by the 16th-century painting Shōrin-zu byōbu. The rooms have ceilings measuring high, and all the rooms also have gas fireplaces and retractable TVs.^[38] Each suite has a bathroom with a large tub and shower. One of the larger suites is the Corner Suite, which covers .^[39] The largest suites are the Aman suites on floors 11 and 12, which each have a kitchenette, a bar, and hidden compartments.^[40]

The residential condos are on floors 15 through 26.^[41] They have a combined area of, giving each residence an average area of .^[42] The largest residence in the building is a five-story penthouse that covers ; it has a full-floor master suite as well as a piano lounge, a gallery, two pools, two kitchens, four other bedrooms, and a game room.^[43] The five-bedroom, 6300ft2 Vana penthouse on floor 21^[44] has a library and private theater.^[45] Another large unit is the four-bedroom, 6700ft2 Jala penthouse on floor 20,^[46] which has 3750ft2 of outdoor terraces in addition to a pool. The other residences have varying numbers of bedrooms.^[47]

Amenity spaces

The hotel portion of the building has a spa and three restaurants. The spa covers 22000ft2 or,^[48] and it spans across three stories. The spa includes two "spa houses", as well as fire pits around an indoor swimming pool that measures long.^[49] The two "spa houses" have various treatment rooms, pools, beds, and fireplaces, which can be rented out. The swimming pool is hidden behind an unmarked wooden door. There is a jazz club in the basement, the Aman Jazz Club, which is accessed through an annex on 56th Street.^[50] The hotel also has two restaurants: Nama, which serves Japanese cuisine, and Arva, which serves Mediterranean cuisine.^[51]

Floor 14 has an atrium with sculptures designed by Peter Gentenaar. On the tenth story is the Garden Terrace, which occupies multiple exterior spaces and includes a dining room, cigar bar, and drinking bar. The Garden Terrace covers and is covered by a retractable glass canopy.^[52] Other amenity spaces in the hotel include a sky lobby, wine library, and piano bar. In addition, the hotel has a private club called Aman Club.^[53] The club is limited to 600 members whose identities are not publicized. Members are allowed to use the hotel's amenities, receive discounted food at the restaurants, and have a private concierge.

History

Heckscher ownership

What is now the Crown Building was developed by August Heckscher, who had built his fortune from mining and Manhattan real estate.^[54] Heckscher actively mined commodities such as copper, coal, and zinc in the northeastern U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He began buying buildings in Manhattan in 1910, and he was also a philanthropist who supported museums such as the Heckscher Museum of Art and El Museo del Barrio.^[55] The Real Estate Record and Guide wrote in 1912 that Heckscher "has not invested largely in real estate hitherto as an individual" but owned at least two other Fifth Avenue properties.^[56] Before Heckscher developed what is now the Crown Building, he had built another Heckscher Building at the intersection of Madison Avenue and 42nd Street; that building also had setbacks in its design, even though it predated the 1916 Zoning Resolution.

Site acquisition

In December 1912, the 734 Fifth Avenue Company bought the Morse and Stevens–Whitney houses^[57] and immediately began tearing down the houses to make way for a commercial building.^[58] Heckscher told his broker not to publicize the fact that he was buying the structure,^[59] but the Real Estate Record and Guide reported that Heckscher was involved with the 734 Fifth Avenue Company. The New-York Tribune wrote that Heckscher was "highly incensed" that his secret purchase had been announced publicly because he had wanted to give the Whitney mansion to his wife as a surprise gift. Heckscher was recorded as the property's owner by January 1913.^[60] That July, Heckscher hired H. Edwards Ficken to build a three-story commercial building on the site.^[61] The structure included stores on the ground story, offices on the second, and galleries on the third.

Heckscher bought James Roosevelt's residence at 3 West 57th Street and two other houses at 3–5 West 56th Street in late 1913.^[62] In November 1915, Heckscher acquired the adjacent properties at 7 West 56th Street and 6–8 West 57th Street from the estate of J. S. Kennedy.^[63] The site was quickly resold to Michael Dreicer,^[64] who built a structure on the 57th Street lots.^[65] Heckscher bought back 7 and 9 West 56th Street from Dreicer in February 1918.^[66] Heckscher formed a holding company called Anahma Realty, which was named after his yacht, though work was delayed likely due to the Spanish flu.

Development

George Backer leased the corner of 57th Street and Fifth Avenue for 21 years, along with the adjacent Kennedy property on 56th Street, from Heckscher in 1919.^{[67] [68]} The L-shaped site wrapped around Joseph Duveen's art dealership on 56th Street. Backer then announced plans for a 30-story building on the site, which would have cost $6 million and would have included offices, apartments, a theater, and some stores. Warren and Wetmore were hired as the architects. As planned, there would have been only one setback; the base would have risen above ground, while the shaft would have ascended another .^[69] The lower stories would have contained eight stories of showrooms and commercial stores, and the apartments and offices would have been located above. There would also have been an enclosed shopping arcade leading from both 57th Street and Fifth Avenue. The arcade would have led to a 900-seat, ten-story theater on 56th Street.

Hughes & Hammond placed a $4.5 million mortgage loan on the building's site in February 1920, which at the time was one of the largest real-estate loans ever placed on a property in New York City.^[70] The Heckscher Building was to be the first tall building along the Midtown segment of Fifth Avenue, and its theater would have been the first Broadway theater along this same segment. Insurance companies objected to the original plans, and the New York City Department of Buildings refused to approve the theater. That August, Wetmore reduced the building's overall height to 25 stories,^[71] and the apartments and theater were removed from the plans. The building was to be used purely as a commercial and office structure, without any manufacturing. The three-story structure on the site had been demolished by October 1920. By then, the first 13 stories were planned to be used as shops (with showrooms on floors 2 through 9), while the 14th through 25th stories were to be used as offices.

At the time of the building's development, Heckscher believed that the building was "the ultimate location for the exclusive shopping center of New York" because businesses would not relocate north of 59th Street in great numbers.^[72] Backer's construction company built the Heckscher Building,^[73] while Heckscher had a one-third ownership stake in the building.^[74] After Backer's death in May 1921, the executor of his estate, Samuel Levy, completed the structure. By mid-1921, the Heckscher Building's rental agents Cushman & Wakefield were looking to attract retail tenants to the building.^[75] Although media from August 1921 advertised the building as being ready for occupancy by the beginning of September, the building was still reportedly not complete in January 1922. The structure was finished in 1922.

Early years

The building's base originally contained numerous art galleries and showrooms. Linen store Mosse Inc. was the first retail tenant, signing a lease in January 1922.^[76] Tenants with full floors in the building included upholstery and decoration distributor Stroheim & Romann,^[77] the Consolidated Cigar Company,^[78] stockbroker J. P. Benkard & Co.,^[79] and oil refiner Cosden & Co.^[80] Women's Wear wrote that the building's completion coincided with the increasing concentration of businesses along 57th Street,^[81] while the New York Herald Tribune wrote that its construction accelerated its commercial redevelopment.^[82] In any case, the building was nearly fully occupied in October 1923, and fashion store Joseph's leased the building's last available storefront in October 1924.^[83] Other early tenants with large amounts of space included jewelers Udall & Ballou^[84] and the Hadley-Leon apparel store.^[85] Harry Payne Whitney offered $7 million to buy the building in 1926, though Heckscher declined.^[86] Instead, Heckscher refinanced the building in 1930 with a $4.5 million mortgage loan, replacing the previous mortgages.^[87]

The Museum of Modern Art moved into a six-room gallery on the Heckscher Building's twelfth floor in November 1929;^[88] it was MoMA's first-ever location.^[89] Among the notable exhibitions that MoMA hosted at the building was the Modern Architecture: International Exhibition,^{[90] [91]} in which curators Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson popularized the term International Style.^[92] MoMA also displayed work from other artists, such as Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, and Paul Gauguin, at the Heckscher Building. In the same building, the Mexican artist Diego Rivera had rented a studio where, in 1931, he created works for a MoMA exhibition.^{[93] [94]} MoMA remained at the Heckscher Building until 1932, when it moved to 53rd Street.^[95] During the 1930s, other tenants with large amounts of space included womenswear company Nelson-Hickson Inc.,^[96] linen retailers William Coulson & Sons,^[97] antiques dealer Symons Inc.,^[98] film studio Universal Pictures,^[99] and camera maker E. Leitz Inc.^[100] There was also a four-room exhibition studio for Studio Guild Galleries,^[101] in addition to a contract bridge club^[102] and a luncheon club.^[103]

With the construction of Rockefeller Center nearby in the 1930s, Heckscher blamed Rockefeller Center's developers for decreased demand at his building.^{[104] [105]} Heckscher sued Rockefeller Center's developers for $10 million in January 1934, claiming that the developers took over the tenants' old leases at below market rate or paid tenants to disregard or cancel the leases at their old buildings.^[106] No trial was ever held for the lawsuit, and in December 1934, the City Bank-Farmers Trust Company filed to foreclose on the building's mortgage.^[107] The Heckscher Building was offered for sale at a foreclosure auction in early July 1938,^[108] and City Bank Farmers Trust paid $4.25 million for the structure that month.^[109]

Mid-20th century

During the 1940s, space in the building was leased to tenants such as dressmaker Wilma Gowns,^[110] perfume seller Parfums Charbert,^[111] and the Motion Picture Sales Corporation.^[112] In addition, the building's weather vane was removed in 1942 to provide scrap metal for World War II. In January 1946, Charles F. Noyes and a partner agreed to buy the building as an investment for Noyes's family.^[113] At the time, the structure was earning $700,000 in rent per year. It was valued at $4.875 million for tax purposes. The sale was finalized the next month. Noyes gave his ownership stake to his daughter, whom media sources referred to as "Mrs. Duncan M. Findlay", and the developer Joseph Durst was revealed as Noyes's partner.^{[114] [115]} The Herald Tribune wrote that Durst had urged Noyes to buy the building after several other developers had expressed interest in the building, and that Noyes had rejected an outside offer of $5 million for the building.^[116]

Durst and Duncan Findlay received a $4.15 million mortgage loan for the building in mid-1949.^[117] The Durst and Findlay families sold the building in November 1950 to Kenneth S. Keyes, who represented two anonymous Cuban investors. The buyers paid $1.965 million in cash and took over the building's existing $4.01 million mortgage.^[118] By then, the building's tenants paid about $1 million in annual rent and occupied about of office space.^[119] Further space was leased in the 1950s and 1960s to tenants such as specialty shop Blackton-Fifth Avenue Ltd.,^[120] the U.S. Senate campaign offices of Herbert Lehman,^[121] talent agency Mercury Artists,^[122] paint company Martin-Senour,^[123] and cosmetic and perfume company Lanvin-Charles of the Ritz.^[124]

The building was renamed the Genesco Building in 1964 when Genesco became a major tenant. At the time, Genesco owned an I. Miller shoe store at the base and the Bonwit Teller department store across the street. In 1966, the building was sold to Centurion Real Estate Inc. Paul Goldberger of The New York Times wrote in the 1970s that the base of the Genesco Building contained a wooden tent which housed the I. Miller store.^[125] By the late 1970s, Centurion reported that the building was nearly fully occupied.

Marcos ownership

Acquisition, renovation, and new tenants

The Genesco Building at 730 Fifth Avenue was sold in September 1981 to Ralph and Joseph Bernstein of the New York Land Company, which was initially reported to be representing an anonymous Canadian investment group.^[126] New York Land was working on behalf of Imelda Marcos, the wife of Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos, who purchased it through a Dutch Antillean company named Lastura Corp. N.V.^[127] Lastura, in turn, was owned by a Panamanian shell company.^[128] In a subsequent criminal case, one witness testified that Ferdinand Marcos was initially reluctant to buy the building, but relented after his wife tearfully pleaded for him to purchase it.^[129] The acquisition cost $51 million.^{[130] [131]} Joseph Bernstein was designated as the trustee for Lastura Corp. N.V.^[132] According to later testimony from Bernstein, the Marcoses had obtained a loan to purchase the Crown Building, including $34 million from BNP Paribas.^[133] Marcos also received a $30 million loan from Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Philippines Central Bank;^{[134] [135]} he allegedly forced an associate to submit a fraudulent loan application to the bank.

The Genesco Building was renamed the Crown Building in 1983, after its crown-like look when illuminated at night. New York Land subsequently spent $15 million on redecorating the building,^[136] and it paid another $70 million to buy and renovate a Korvettes storefront in the building.^[137] The new owners added 23-karat gold leaf to the building's facade,^[138] reportedly to compete with the decorations on the then-new Trump Tower across Fifth Avenue. New York Land hired lighting designer Douglas Leigh to renovate the building's exterior lighting.^[139] Leigh also added floodlights atop the Tiffany, Manufacturers Hanover, and Bergdorf Goodman buildings, at the other three corners of the intersection of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, to match the Crown Building's lights.^{[140] [141]} The new lights atop all four buildings were activated in January 1983, though local businesses complained about the brightness and glare created by the other three buildings' lights.^[142] New York Land funded the installation of a large illuminated snowflake-shaped object above Fifth Avenue and 57th Street,^[143] and they upgraded the elevators as well.^[144]

During the 1980s, a group of 38 art galleries leased the building's second and third floors.^[145] Other new tenants during that decade included a store for Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A.,^[146] a temporary construction office for Donald Trump, the headquarters of fashion brand Pierre Cardin,^[147] and a jewelry gallery.^[148] New York Land also wanted to market the office space to large firms, so it paid some of the smaller tenants to move out. Shoe companies opened showrooms within the building. The retail space was being rented for about by the late 1980s, making it among the world's most expensive retail space. Among the retail tenants at that time were Bulgari and Sharper Image.^[149] Also during that decade, preservationists had proposed designating the Crown Building as a contributing property to a planned historic district along the midtown section of Fifth Avenue. The historic district was never created.^[150]

Attempted sales

In August 1985, opposition politicians in the National Assembly of the Philippines submitted a complaint in an unsuccessful attempt to impeach Marcos; the complaint alleged that Imelda Marcos had bought the Crown Building in 1981.^[151] A United States House of Representatives committee found that the Bernsteins had been working on behalf of Marcos,^{[152] [153]} who had intended the building and several others as a gift for his wife Imelda.^[154] The Washington Post reported that in coded cables between the Marcos family and their alleged "front" in Manhattan, Gliceria Tantoco, the Crown Building was referred to using the code word "Ferragamo".^[155] By February 1986, the Crown Building and three other buildings reportedly owned by the Marcoses were being placed for sale.^[156] Around that time, the Bernsteins were contemplating paying $250 million for the Crown Building and two of the other buildings.^[157] The Bernsteins alleged that they paid $235 million for the Crown Building, Herald Center, and 40 Wall Street,^[158] but the Philippine government claimed that the sale was never finalized.^[159] The Saudi arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi also claimed to be involved with the building's purchase;^[160] he asserted that he had owned the building for several years before the Bernsteins' alleged purchase.

After Marcos was forced out of office, the administration of his successor Corazon Aquino froze Marcos's assets within U.S. banking channels in March 1986.^[161] As a result, the building's tax bills went unpaid.^[162] A lawyer alleged that the building's value was declining under the Bernsteins' management.^[163] After a U.S. circuit court ruled to block the sale of the Marcos properties in November 1986, Aquino's administration filed a lawsuit against the Marcos estate to obtain title to the buildings.^[164] Security Pacific Bank held one of the building's mortgage loans, which was worth either $60 million^[165] or $76 million by 1989. Two additional mortgages, totaling $39 million, were held by Mabari, a Liechtenstein foundation originally operated by Khashoggi. The Marcoses defaulted on the Security Pacific loan in 1987,^[166] and the loan had been foreclosed upon by the following year.^[167] Federal judge Pierre N. Leval ruled in 1988 that the building could be sold at a foreclosure auction. The first through third floors, which were leased to I. Miller and then re-leased to Bulgari, were exempted from the foreclosure auction because I. Miller's lease had been negotiated long before the Marcoses obtained the building.

The Crown Building's disposition was unresolved for several years^[168] because the Philippine government, the Bernsteins, and Khashoggi each claimed ownership over it.^[169] The Aquino administration attempted in early 1989 to sell the four Marcos properties to Morris Bailey for $398 million, over the objections of the Bernsteins and Khashoggi.^{[170] [171]} Khashoggi was also accused of helping the Marcoses hide their stakes in their buildings,^[172] although he was acquitted of all racketeering charges relating to the properties.^[173] By late 1989, Leval was planning a foreclosure auction for the building, setting the minimum bid at $125 million.^{[174] [175]} The auction was originally scheduled for that October,^[176] but it was rescheduled eight times due to uncertainty over who owned the structure.^[177] An unidentified buyer offered $120 million for the building the following year.^[178]

Spitzer, Winter, and Greene ownership

The Aquino administration, Khashoggi, and the Bernsteins settled their conflicting claims to the building in late 1990, agreeing to split the profits after the building was sold and the mortgage was paid off.^{[179] [180]} By then, the building was half-empty. There had been few attempts to attract new tenants or maintain the building during the late 1980s, and its largest tenant had moved out. The Crown Building was sold in February 1991 to real-estate developers Bernard Spitzer, Marvin Winter, and Jerome L. Greene for $93.6 million, only a few thousand dollars above Security Pacific's bid.^[181] After the $89 million mortgage and various taxes were paid off, comparatively little remained; the Philippine government received about $3,000 in total.^[182] To attract tenants, Spitzer and his partners subdivided the interior space and advertised the building's location, design, and floor areas;^[183] they had managed to lease 10 percent of the empty space by the end of 1991.^[184]

The building was 80 percent occupied by 1993, with foreign companies comprising many of the new tenants.^[185] The building's occupants during the 1990s included fashion designer Louis Féraud,^[186] fashion designer Laura Biagiotti,^[187] art gallery Kennedy Galleries,^[188] fashion showroom Falmola,^[189] antique dealer Israel Sack,^[190] and watch company Piaget SA.^[191] Luxury goods store Bruno Magli leased the penthouse,^[192] while other office space was occupied by fashion firm Mondo Inc.,^[193] lifestyle magazine Playboy,^[194] and hotel chain Sun International.^[195] Despite the owners' initial failure to attract art-gallery owners to the building, by the mid-1990s the Crown Building was in high demand among art galleries. An executive for the building's leasing agent, Cushman & Wakefield, said that they wanted to lease the space to high-end tenants.^[196] The owners also leased out some prebuilt office space in the building.^[197] In addition, the Bulgari store in the building was renovated and expanded in 1997.^[198]

During the 2000s, the building gained tenants such as a Smythson stationery store,^[199] a Vidal Sassoon fashion salon,^[200] a Gilan jewelry showroom,^[201] and the headquarters of the Nina Footwear Corporation (which had acquired I. Miller).^[202] In addition, the building had a coworking space.^[203] After Spitzer's son Eliot Spitzer resigned as the governor of New York, Eliot had an office at the Crown Building.^[204] When Bernard Spitzer died in 2014, Eliot continued to operate the building alongside the Winter family.^[205]

Redevelopment

Sales

In December 2014, Eliot Spitzer and the Winters began looking to sell the building for at least $1.8 billion.^[206] Jeff Sutton's Wharton Properties and Sandeep Mathrani's General Growth Properties purchased the building for about $1.75 billion that month, including both the office space and the lower-story retail space.^{[207] [208] [209]} The sale price of made the Crown Building the world's costliest office building per square foot at the time.^{[210] [211]} Though the sale was one of the largest deals in New York City real estate history, one observer predicted that the retail space alone was worth more than the price paid for the whole structure. The retail tenants, Bulgari, Zegna, and K. Mikimoto & Co, were paying less than the market rate, though most of the tenants' leases expired in seven years or less. In addition, the office space was occupied by companies such as private-equity firm Apollo Global Management and investment manager Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.

Wharton and General Growth finalized their purchase in April 2015.^{[212] [213]} That month, developer Michael Shvo and Russian billionaire Vladislav Doronin purchased the top 21 stories for about $500 million. Shvo and Doronin beat out several other large bidders, including the Blackstone Group, the Carlyle Group, and LVMH. Shvo and Doronin announced plans to convert and redevelop their portion of the Crown Building into the Aman New York, a luxury hotel and residences.^[214] The hotel and residences would be operated by Doronin's Aman Resorts and would be the third Aman resort located in a city.^[215] Some of the building's office tenants began leaving after the sale was announced,^[216] while other tenants, including several art galleries, were forced out of the office space against their wishes.^[217]

Wharton and General Growth also evicted tenants on the lower stories so these areas could be converted to retail space.^[218] They leased out two of the building's storefronts at rates that greatly exceeded the area's average.^[219] Bulgari signed a new lease in late 2015, reducing its space to,^[220] and Zegna leased on the first and second floors in March 2016.^[221] The last non-retail tenant in the base, ICM Partners, moved out in June 2016.

Hotel conversion

Mikimoto renovated its 1800ft2 store at the building in 2016.^[222] Shvo and Doronin submitted a condominium offering plan to the New York Attorney General's office that November.^{[223] [224]} Early plans called for 79 hotel rooms on the 4th through 9th stories; three floors of amenity space; and 26 residential condos above the 11th story.^[225] The terms of the Aman New York's condo offering allowed the developers to rent out some of the apartments as hotel rooms.^[226] Following allegations of corruption against Shvo, he was ousted as one of the hotel's developers by September 2017, although Shvo still owned a partial stake in the project.^[227] Doronin estimated that the penthouse apartment would be sold for $100 million, while the other units would be sold for at least $4 million.^[228] Doronin also planned to add large terraces and outdoor pools to the setbacks. The Crown Building's Bulgari store opened in October 2017 following a renovation designed by Peter Marino.^[229]

In March 2018, a buyer offered $180 million for the Aman's penthouse, making it one of the highest-priced residential sales in the U.S.;^{[230] [231]} however, the sale was not finalized.^[232] Doronin received a $284 million loan for the hotel portion of the building that December.^[233] The Zegna store at the building's base was also redesigned by Marino and reopened in February 2019.^[234] By mid-2019, there were buyers for about half of the building's apartments, despite decreased demand for luxury apartments along the nearby Billionaires' Row. The sales office was open only to invited guests who first underwent an extensive background check. At the time, the condos were being sold for between $4.7 million and $83 million, even though public sales had not even begun. Also in 2019, Wharton and General Growth sought a $900 million loan to refinance the building's retail space,^[235] and Apollo Global agreed to provide $807 million that August.^[236] Sutton sold most of his stake in the retail space to Brookfield Properties that month, reportedly due to dissatisfaction over the terms of the refinancing.^[237] Doronin's OKO Group received $750 million in construction loans in October 2019 to renovate the upper levels.^[238]

Jean-Michel Gathy was hired to renovate the hotel portion of the building, while the brokerage Douglas Elliman was hired to place the residential condos on sale. Residential sales at the Crown Building commenced in January 2020,^[239] and the first units became available in early 2021.^[240] The project included adding design details such as fireplaces between windows, which, according to Gathy, helped to make the building "luxurious". The completion of the renovation had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, and the project had also incurred 34 violations of city building codes by early 2021. One worker died after falling down a chute in the building,^[241] and the city fined the developer $12,500 as a result. Most of the building's apartments had been sold by the end of 2021.^[242] Doronin sought to refinance the hotel in early 2022,^[243] and he refinanced the hotel that June with a $754 million loan from JPMorgan Chase.^[244] Buyers began finalizing their purchases in mid-2022.^[245] Of the first 12 buyers to finalize their purchases, five had paid more than $20 million each; Doronin predicted that the apartments would sell for a total of $893 million. The hotel renovation cost $1.45 billion.^[246]

Hotel opening and 2020s

The Aman New York opened on August 11, 2022.^{[247] [248]} The cheapest rooms rented for $3,200 or $3,400 a night,^[249] making the Aman the city's most expensive hotel. The Aman also had a private club that, at the time of the hotel's opening, had an upfront membership fee of $200,000, excluding the $15,000 annual renewal fee. The New York Times reported that, at the Aman's opening, there was so much demand for the hotel that even some of the club's members had difficulties reserving rooms. The following month, Doronin considered selling the hotel portion of the building for at least $600 million, though Aman would continue to operate the hotel.^[250] A Chopard watch shop opened at the building's base in December 2022.^[251] Three of the building's apartments ranked among the most expensive apartments in New York City during 2022.^[252] The purchasers of the condos included a trust operated by Meta Platforms^[253] and Hong Kong businessman Terence Chan.^[254]

In 2023, the Aman began renting out some of the private apartments to hotel guests as part of a program where condo owners could opt to rent out their homes.^[255] The fashion house Chanel opened a two-story store at the Crown Building's base, its first standalone watch-and-jewelry boutique in the United States, in February 2024.^[256] By the next month, sales had been finalized for 17 of the condos. In addition, fashion house Prada bought one of the commercial condo units in April 2024 for $12.6 million.^{[257] [258]} On May 14, 2024, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Crown Building as an official city landmark.^[259] The following month, the businessman Serdar Bilgili sued Shvo over the latter's ownership stake in the Crown Building. Bilgili claimed that he had acquired a one-third interest in Shvo's ownership stake in 2015 and that Shvo had reduced their ownership stakes through a set of capital calls.^[260] By the middle of the year, five of the condos had sold for over $50 million.^[261] Doronin bought his own hotel's penthouse for $135 million,^[262] making it New York City's highest-priced residential sale in 2024.^[263] The first resale of an apartment at the Aman New York occurred that July,^[264] and all except one of the condos had been sold by the next month.^[265]

Reception

Architectural commentary

When the Heckscher Building was being planned, the New-York Tribune wrote that the structure exemplified the commercial and architectural changes taking place on Fifth Avenue. The New York Herald called the structure a "cathedral of commerce",^[266] while Heckscher himself called it the "tower of trade". As the building was being completed in 1921, Aymar Embury II wrote in Architectural Forum magazine that the building's massing was "perhaps as attractive as that of any in the city", aside from the Woolworth Building. The same year, the New York World wrote that the Heckscher Building was one of several new skyscrapers that exemplified the idea of the pyramid-roofed tower.^[267] The Real Estate Record surmised that the building would serve as "a beautiful background" for Fifth Avenue's mansions.

Following the building's completion, the architect Harvey Wiley Corbett stated that the Heckscher Building had a "very pleasing contour", especially its topmost portion, and was "more interesting certainly than the old buildings" further down Fifth Avenue.^[268] The Guardian described the building as a "lovely slight from all the southern part of Central Park", particularly its golden pinnacle.^[269] The writer Willard Gilman Myers wrote that the building's roof had one of New York City's most beautiful pinnacles in New York City and that the structure "soars above the Vanderbilt chateau with a Gallic grace that has little of the heavier beauty of its sisters to the south".^[270] Conversely, George Harold Edgell regarded the design as "not wholly successful" because of the excessive emphasis placed on horizontal design elements.^[271]

Writing retrospectively in 1976, Paul Goldberger said that the building's roof "made it an early and significant presence on the Fifth Avenue skyline". After Douglas Leigh replaced the building's lighting in the 1980s, Goldberger wrote that the "intricate mix of gilding and lighting [...] works superbly",^[272] though architect Patricia Conway regarded the gilding as "rather excessive, and not architecturally appropriate".^[273] In his 1987 book New York 1930, Robert A. M. Stern wrote that the presence of the Heckscher Building "signaled a new scale of development" along 57th Street. The Wall Street Journal described the original building as being "a monument to the Beaux-Arts movement" when it was built.

Hotel commentary

Following the Crown Building's conversion into a hotel, a writer for Elite Traveler wrote that the subtleness of the hotel room's design details contributed to their luxurious feel. A critic for the Condé Nast Traveler described going through the hotel as akin to a "nesting process" and said that "walking down the hotel's hushed, cream-colored hallways and reaching your suite feels like making it to the inner sanctum". A writer for Town and Country magazine stated that there was an "interesting juxtaposition between Aman's glossy modernism and its new home's old Beaux-Arts bones", describing the interiors as having a serene atmosphere.

In the inaugural edition of the World's 50 Best Hotels, the Aman was ranked as the 25th-best hotel in the world, as well as the highest-ranked hotel in the United States on that list.^[274] The first edition of the Michelin Keys Guide, in 2024, ranked the Aman New York as a "three-key" hotel, the highest accolade granted by the Michelin Keys Guide.^{[275] [276]} The Aman was one of 11 Michelin three-key hotels across the United States and one of four such hotels in New York City.

See also

• List of hotels in New York City
• List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets

References

Sources

• Embury . Aymar II . Oct 1921 . New York's New Architecture . Architectural Forum . 35 . 4 . .
• Heckscher Building (now the Crown Building) . May 14, 2024 . . .

External links

• • Aman New York official website

Notes and References

1. Web site: 730 5 Avenue, 10019 . March 20, 2020 . New York City Department of City Planning.
2. Web site: June 23, 2009 . John Peirce Residence . https://web.archive.org/web/20210610192640/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2327.pdf . June 10, 2021 . April 28, 2021 . . 2 . live .
3. Web site: Stokes . Isaac Newton Phelps . 1915 . The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 : compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps, plans, views, and documents in public and private collections . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120415060518/http://archive.org:80/details/iconographyofman06stok . April 15, 2012 . 67 . Internet Archive .
4. 558 .
5. April 6, 1907 . Mr. Edward Harriman... . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116152948/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/pdf_files/ldpd_7031148_039_15.pdf . January 16, 2021 . June 9, 2020 . The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide . 296 . . 79 . 2038 .
6. News: March 28, 1915 . A Brilliant Future for 57th Street: to Be Great Store Centre Shopping Zone of the Highest Class Being Formed in Fifty-seventh Street—No Other Crosstown Thorough-fare in Manhattan Has More Promising Outlook . New-York Tribune . C1 . 1941-0646 . .
7. News: January 13, 1929 . 'Shanty Land' Now Site of $125,000,000 New Construction: Skyscrapers and Shops Have Replaced Homes of 5,000 Squatters in 57th Street . New York Herald Tribune . D1 . .
8. News: Russell . John . April 24, 1988 . Three Worlds of 57th Street; the World of Art . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201128060606/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/24/magazine/three-worlds-of-57th-street-the-world-of-art.html . November 28, 2020 . November 20, 2020 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 .
9. Web site: December 16, 2008 . Society House of the American Society of Civil Engineers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823005513/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2297.pdf . August 23, 2021 . December 13, 2020 . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . 2 .
10. 232 .
11. News: Gray . Christopher . August 9, 1998 . Streetscapes/The 1880 Sherwood Studios, Once at 57th and Sixth; Building That Was 'the Uptown Headquarters of Art' . June 19, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170410/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/09/realestate/streetscapes-1880-sherwood-studios-once-57th-sixth-building-that-was-uptown.html . live .
12. Web site: Scher . Robin . July 19, 2016 . 'Round 57th Street: New York's First Gallery District Continues (for Now) to Weather Endless Changes in the Art World . June 13, 2024 . ARTnews . April 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411174157/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/round-57th-street-new-yorks-first-gallery-district-continues-for-now-to-weather-endless-changes-in-the-art-world-6685/ . live .
13. News: January 16, 1946 . C.F. Noyes Gets Skyscraper for Grandchildren: In Partnership With Friend, Pays $5,000,000 for 26-Story Heckscher Building Heckscher Building . New York Herald Tribune . 32 . 1941-0646 . .
14. News: November 27, 1910 . Latest Dealings in Realty Field; The Charles W. Morse Fifth Avenue Residence Sold for Occupancy. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . July 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240710112150/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/11/27/archives/latest-dealings-in-realty-field-the-charles-w-morse-fifth-avenue.html . live .
15. News: May 27, 1911 . Morse Mansion: Said to Have Been Purchased by Harry Payne Whitney . Cincinnati Enquirer . 6 . . none.

    News: May 27, 1911 . Real Estate Field; Harry Payne Whitney Purchaser of Charles W. Morse House – Philip Lewisohn Buys Forty-first Street Plot in Rear of Mendelssohn Hall – Big Loft Deal – Large Sales in Brooklyn. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616004031/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/05/27/archives/real-estate-field-harry-payne-whitney-purchaser-of-charles-w-morse.html . live .

16. News: Meir . Noam . December 7, 2014 . The Spitzers To Sell The Crown Building For $2 Billion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150919153126/http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/12/07/the-spitzers-to-sell-the-crown-building-for-2-billion/ . September 19, 2015 . November 24, 2015 . Jewish Business News .
17. News: Horsley . Carter B. . December 10, 1978 . 'Tower of Trade,' A Gem of 1921 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827055450/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/10/archives/tower-of-trade-a-gem-of-1921.html . August 27, 2022 . August 27, 2022 . The New York Times .
18. News: August 15, 1920 . Fifth Avenue Show House Abandoned in Plans for 57th Street Structure . June 16, 2024 . New-York Tribune . 30 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616223853/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-fifth-avenue-show-house/149466047/ . live .
19. Web site: Crown Building – The Skyscraper Center . June 21, 2024 . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . June 21, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621193519/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/crown-building/9828 . live .
20. Feb 1922 . Heckscher Building, New York . Architecture and Building . 17–18 . 54 . 2 . June 21, 2024 . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625140734/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015086591768&seq=63 . live .
21. Web site: August 20, 2021 . Work Continues on Crown Building's Conversion Into Aman New York at 730 Fifth Avenue in Midtown, Manhattan . June 16, 2024 . New York YIMBY . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625140843/https://www.newyorkyimby.com/2021/08/work-continues-on-crown-buildings-conversion-into-aman-new-york-at-730-fifth-avenue-in-midtown-manhattan.html . live .
22. News: Clarke . Katherine . October 13, 2017 . Mansion – High-Rise Living & Design: Condos Go Business Class – Developers are turning century-old New York office buildings into residential condos, hoping to dazzle buyers with a slice of history: Want to live in the Woolworth Building? . June 14, 2024 . The Wall Street Journal . M.1 . 0099-9660 . . September 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200928165428/https://www.wsj.com/articles/manhattans-skyscrapers-now-yours-to-call-home-1507816202 . live .
23. News: December 23, 1982 . Seasons of gilt . June 17, 2024 . Daily News . 111 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617195712/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-seasons-of-gilt/149518623/ . live .
24. News: Clarke . Katherine . June 13, 2019 . A Russian Billionaire's $1.3 Billion Bet on New York's Iconic Crown Building; Vladislav Doronin says three penthouses at his Aman-branded project have sold for more than $325 million, despite a sluggish market and an oversupply of luxury condos . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
25. Web site: Moin . David . October 5, 2017 . With Brio and a Nod to America, Bulgari Reopens on Fifth Avenue . June 15, 2024 . WWD . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003645/https://wwd.com/business-news/retail/bulgari-ny-flagship-10999493/ . live .
26. News: Noble . Hollister . February 8, 1925 . New York's Crown of Light; Color Impressionists Etch the New Skyline at Night in a Glorious Flood of Illumination . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617003723/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/02/08/archives/new-yorks-crown-of-light-color-impressionists-etch-the-new-skyline.html . live .
27. Web site: Edelson . Sharon . January 5, 2015 . No Ebb Seen in Rising Real Estate Prices . June 14, 2024 . Women's Wear Daily . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181701/https://wwd.com/business-news/real-estate/the-year-ahead-no-ebb-seen-in-rising-real-estate-prices-8088516/ . live .
28. Web site: Cheng . Andria . September 7, 2022 . Aman Explores Sale of Luxury Hotel Property Within Iconic Manhattan Building . June 21, 2024 . CoStar . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625140743/https://www.costar.com/article/141823066/aman-explores-sale-of-luxury-hotel-property-within-iconic-manhattan-building . live .
29. October 20, 1920 . 57th Street To Have New 25-Story Building: Shops on Floors Above Street Level to 13th Story, to Be a Feature . Women's Wear . 31 . 21 . 93 . .
30. News: July 23, 2022 . East meets New York City: Aman New York is one of the city's most anticipated hotel openings . Toronto Star . H.7 . .
31. Web site: Morris . Sebastian . November 15, 2019 . Historic Crown Building's Transformation Into Aman New York Revealed in New Renderings . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201105204650/https://newyorkyimby.com/2019/11/historic-crown-buildings-transformation-into-aman-new-york-revealed-in-new-renderings.html . November 5, 2020 . January 3, 2021 . New York YIMBY . en-US .
32. News: Barron . James . September 14, 2022 . For the Very Rich, $3,200 a Night is a 'Prototypical' New York Experience . June 14, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003645/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/14/nyregion/for-the-very-rich-3200-a-night-is-a-prototypical-new-york-experience.html . live .
33. Web site: Howarth . Dan . September 17, 2022 . Denniston Architects converts 1920s skyscraper into Aman New York hotel . June 14, 2024 . Dezeen . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614232945/https://www.dezeen.com/2022/09/17/aman-new-york-hotel-denniston-architects/ . live .
34. Web site: Blumenthal . Betsy . October 3, 2023 . Aman New York: First In . June 14, 2024 . Condé Nast Traveler . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614162453/https://www.cntraveler.com/hotels/new-york/aman-new-york . live .
35. Web site: Abrahams . Luke . March 7, 2022 . Inside the New Aman New York City . June 14, 2024 . Elite Traveler . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160945/https://elitetraveler.com/travel/hotel-news/inside-the-new-aman-new-york-hotel . live .
36. Web site: Aman New York Fact Sheet . Aman New York . June 21, 2024 . 3 . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615222337/https://www.aman.com/sites/default/files/2022-05/Aman-New-York-Factsheet.pdf . live .
37. Web site: King . Rachel . December 31, 2022 . Inside Manhattan's best new luxury hotel: Aman New York . June 14, 2024 . Fortune . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160950/https://fortune.com/2022/12/31/inside-manhattans-best-new-luxury-hotel-aman-new-york/ . live .
38. News: Murphy . Heather . August 23, 2022 . Serenity in Midtown, Starting at $3,200 a Night? Aman Is Betting on It. . June 14, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . March 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230304185843/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/23/travel/aman-new-york.html . live .
39. Web site: Kachroo-Levine . Maya . August 16, 2022 . With a Garden Terrace, Underground Jazz Club, and Wildly Expensive Suites . June 14, 2024 . Travel + Leisure . February 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240216065740/https://www.travelandleisure.com/hotels-resorts/hotel-openings/aman-new-york-review . live .
40. Web site: Barsamian . Edward . April 24, 2024 . Inside the Top Suite of Three Key Aman New York . June 15, 2024 . MICHELIN Guide . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625140734/https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/article/travel/aman-new-york-inside-suite-three-michelin-key-hotel-award-distinction-travel-guide . live .
41. News: Marino . Vivian . July 28, 2022 . A Pair of Co-ops Sold for $101 Million as the Market Returned to a Boil . June 14, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . May 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230510190539/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/28/realestate/top-nyc-real-estate-sales.html . live .
42. Web site: September 20, 2020 . Work Progressing on Crown Building's Conversion Into Aman New York at 730 Fifth Avenue in Midtown . June 14, 2024 . New York YIMBY . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625140736/https://newyorkyimby.com/2020/09/work-progressing-on-crown-buildings-conversion-into-aman-new-york-at-730-fifth-avenue-in-midtown.html . live .
43. Web site: Barger . Kerry . Solomont . E.B. . November 15, 2017 . Revealed: Floor plans for Crown Building's $100M penthouse . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . none . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160952/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2017/11/15/revealed-floor-plans-for-crown-buildings-100m-penthouse/ . live.

    Web site: Nonko . Emily . November 16, 2017 . Peek at the floorplans for the Crown Building's $100M penthouse . June 14, 2024 . Curbed NY . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160950/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/11/16/16665218/crown-building-renvation-aman-hotel-penthouse . live .

44. Web site: Plitt . Amy . January 24, 2020 . Incredibly opulent penthouse at Midtown's landmarked Crown Building wants $59.5M . June 14, 2024 . Curbed NY . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614232946/https://ny.curbed.com/2020/1/24/21079299/midtown-new-york-crown-building-condo-penthouse . live .
45. News: Marino . Vivian . September 2, 2022 . Hugh Jackman Swaps West Village Home for Chelsea Penthouse . June 14, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . November 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231104201117/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/realestate/hugh-jackman-chelsea-penthouse-nyc.html . live .
46. Web site: Cormack . Rachel . January 22, 2023 . This US$74 Million Penthouse Is the Most Expensive Home Sold in NYC This Year (So Far) . June 14, 2024 . Robb Report . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614232945/https://robbreport.hk/posts/penthouse-most-expensive-new-york-sale-1234697341 . live .
47. Web site: Rosenberg . Zoe . October 27, 2017 . Crown Building's ultraluxury conversion will include $100M+, 5-story penthouse . June 14, 2024 . Curbed NY . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160946/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/10/27/16554670/crown-building-aman-new-york-condos . live .
48. Web site: Kim . Leena . September 1, 2022 . Aman New York Is Now Manhattan's Most Exclusive Club . June 15, 2024 . Town & Country . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616004030/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/travel-guide/a40900980/aman-new-york-opening/ . live .
49. Web site: Schama . Chloe . May 28, 2024 . Aman New York . June 14, 2024 . Vogue . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160950/https://www.vogue.com/article/aman-new-york-spa . live .
50. Web site: Taylor . Elise . August 29, 2022 . An Exclusive Look at Aman's Jazz Club, New York's Most Elevated Night Out . June 15, 2024 . Vogue . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615011701/https://www.vogue.com/article/an-exclusive-look-at-amans-jazz-club-new-yorks-most-elevated-night-out . live .
51. Web site: Plitt . Amy . June 14, 2019 . New looks at Crown Building's ultraluxury condo conversion . June 14, 2024 . Curbed NY . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181702/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/6/14/18678619/midtown-new-york-crown-building-condo-conversion . live .
52. Web site: May 6, 2024 . Inside the Aman Club, the most expensive private members' club in NYC . June 14, 2024 . South China Morning Post . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003645/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/lifestyle/travel-hotels/article/3261125/inside-aman-club-nycs-most-expensive-private-members-club-it-costs-us200000-just-join-you-may-find . live .
53. News: Chaffin . Joshua . September 7, 2023 . Manhattan's private clubs thrive in a new Gilded Age . June 14, 2024 . Financial Times . . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181701/https://www.ft.com/content/347c7b21-4c78-4f8b-8f63-07fc8218b27b . live .
54. News: Gray . Christopher . February 3, 1991 . Streetscapes: The Crown Building; A 1921 Elegance Entangled in Disputes . June 15, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . August 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827055450/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/03/realestate/streetscapes-the-crown-building-a-1921-elegance-entangled-in-disputes.html . live .
55. News: Gray . Christopher . January 20, 2002 . Streetscapes/50 East 42nd Street; Ballet Dancer of a Building, Its Tower Lithe and Trim . June 19, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619174100/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/realestate/streetscapes-50-east-42nd-street-ballet-dancer-building-its-tower-lithe-trim.html . live .
56. December 21, 1912 . Mr. August Heckscher and His Purchase . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 1158 . . 90 . 2336 . June 21, 2024 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616010229/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_050&page=ldpd_7031148_050_00001484&no=2 . live .
57. News: December 16, 1912 . Whitney Sale Starts Real Estate "Fever": Lets Down Bars for Rush of Business to That Section of Fifth Avenue Rare Chance, Say Experts Oelrichs House Next to Be Sold, It is Reported—speculators Worried by Hidden River . New-York Tribune . 11 . 1941-0646 . .
58. News: December 14, 1912 . W. C. Whitney House to Be Torn Down: High Board Fence Will Soon Surround Site of Fifth Avenue Mansion . New-York Tribune . 18 . 1941-0646 . . none.

    News: December 14, 1912 . The Real Estate Field; Old Whitney Mansion to be Torn Down in Next Two Months – Apartment House Investments – Greenwich Village Deals – Active Bronx and Suburban Markets. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616004030/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/12/14/archives/the-real-estate-field-old-whitney-mansion-to-be-torn-down-in-next.html . live .

59. News: August 5, 1923 . Industrialist Is Putting His Millions Into Gilt-Edge Real Estate; Holds Eleven Big Structures Valued at From $30,000,000 to $35,000,000 . New-York Tribune . C1 . 1941-0646 . .
60. News: July 12, 1913 . Taxpayer for Whitney's Old Home . New-York Tribune . 14 . 1941-0646 . .
61. News: July 12, 1913 . The Real Estate Field; August Heckscher to Build Three-story Taxpayer on the Old Whitney Corner – Big Sixth Avenue Lease – Bronx Hospital Buys Building Plot – Suburban Deals. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616010225/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/07/12/archives/the-real-estate-field-august-heckscher-to-build-threestory-taxpayer.html . live .
62. November 8, 1913 . The Week's Real Estate News . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 862 . . 92 . none . 2382 . June 21, 2024 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616013216/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_052&page=ldpd_7031148_052_00001018&no=3 . live.

    News: November 6, 1913 . The Real Estate Field; Big Purchase by August Heckscher in Fifty-seventh Street Adjoining His Fifth Avenue Corner ;- Riverside Drive Corner Sold for Apartment ;- Deals in Harlem ;- Good Bronx Market. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616013212/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/11/06/archives/the-real-estate-field-big-purchase-by-august-heckscher-in.html . live .

63. News: November 16, 1915 . Heckscher Buys Kennedy Site; Property Adjoins His Corner Parcel at 57th St. And Fifth Av. . New-York Tribune . 6 . 1941-0646 . . none.

    News: November 16, 1915 . The Real Estate Field; August Heckscher Buys Kennedy Estate Property on Fifthy-seventh Street ;- $115,000 for Small Park Avenue Corner ;- Harlem-Bronx Trade ;- $200,000 Westchester Estate Sold. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616010225/https://www.nytimes.com/1915/11/16/archives/the-real-estate-field-august-heckscher-buys-kennedy-estate-property.html . live .

64. News: December 10, 1915 . The Real Estate Field.; Michael Dreicer Purchases Former Kennedy Property in Fifty-seventh Street From August Heckscher ;- West End Apartment Site Deal ;- Big Bronx Sale on Concourse ;- Country Sale. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616010224/https://www.nytimes.com/1915/12/10/archives/the-real-estate-field-michael-dreicer-purchases-former-kennedy.html . live .
65. News: July 31, 1921 . Influenced Beauty on Fifth Avenue; Michael Dreicer Set an Example for Commercially Attractive Buildings . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616223853/https://www.nytimes.com/1921/07/31/archives/influenced-beauty-on-fifth-avenue-michael-dreicer-set-an-example.html . live .
66. February 9, 1918 . August Heckscher Adds to Holdings . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 172 . . 101 . none . 2604 . June 21, 2024 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616013215/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_061&page=ldpd_7031148_061_00000510&no=1 . live.

    News: February 4, 1918 . Heckscher Buys Again . June 16, 2024 . New York Herald . 12 . none . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616205626/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-herald-heckscher-buys-again/149453579/ . live. ; News: February 3, 1918 . Fifth Avenue Plot Sold . New-York Tribune . 5 . 1941-0646 . .

67. News: December 21, 1919 . 30-story Building for Upper 5th Av.; Vanderbilt and Huntington Mansions at 57th Street Will Be Overshadowed . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616004029/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/12/21/archives/30story-building-for-upper-5th-av-vanderbilt-and-huntington.html . live .
68. News: December 21, 1919 . Two Giant Structures and Palatial Theater, Valued at $15,000,000, for 5th Ave. . New-York Tribune . A8 . 1941-0646 . .
69. News: February 15, 1920 . Giant Structure for 5th Ave. and 57th St. Corner Marks Future Development of Avenue of Avenues . June 16, 2024 . New-York Tribune . A10 . 1941-0646 . . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616004030/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-giant-structure-for-5th/149410678/ . live .
70. February 14, 1920 . August Heckscher Adds to Holdings . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 207 . . 105 . none . 7 . June 21, 2024 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616205629/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_065&page=ldpd_7031148_065_00000985&no=4 . live.

    News: February 3, 1920 . $4,500,000 Building Loan; Capital Secured to Erect Fifth Avenue's Tallest Building. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616205625/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/02/03/archives/4500000-building-loan-capital-secured-to-erect-fifth-avenues.html . live .

71. News: August 15, 1920 . Building Plan Revised.; Height of Heckscher Building Reduced and Theatre Abandoned. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616205626/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/08/15/archives/building-plan-revised-height-of-heckscher-building-reduced-and.html . live .
72. News: May 20, 1928 . New York to Have Small Addition of Rue de la Paix: French Trade Center Forming in Fifth Ave. Blocks, Between 57th, 59th Sts . New York Herald Tribune . D2 . 1941-0646 . .
73. News: May 15, 1921 . Business of George Backer, Who Gave City $100,000,000 Worth of Buildings; Will Be Carried On By Associates: Company Will Be Formed by Samuel Levy, Copartner and Attorney, to Continue Uncompleted Work of the Late Builder; William Backer, Who Will Graduate as an Engineer From Cornell Next Month, Will Take Up Affairs of His Father . New-York Tribune . A15 . 1941-0646 . .
74. News: November 5, 1950 . Florida Agent Buys 25-Story 5 th Av. Tower: Keyes, of Miami, Takes Heckscher Building at 57th St. Corner . New York Herald Tribune . C1 . 1941-0646 . .
75. August 5, 1921 . Daily Retailing: Plan To Group Shops In New Heckscher Building: Owners Expect to Have Here an Exclusive Buying Center for Women's Apparel—Objects D'Art and Other Goods Will Give New Impetus to Development of Upper Fifth Avenue . Women's Wear . 48 . 23 . 30 . .
76. January 4, 1922 . Mosse To Move To Heckscher Bldg.: First to Lease Retail Space in New Structure—-To Move About Feb. 1 . Women's Wear . 48 . 24 . 2 . . none.

    News: January 4, 1922 . Commercial Leases; Fisk Building Store Leased for Term at $1,000,000. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616223854/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/04/archives/commercial-leases-fisk-building-store-leased-for-term-at-1000000.html . live .

77. News: January 15, 1922 . Entire Floor in Heckscher Bldg for Decorative Art: "Finest in America." Say Sire heim Romann. Who Will Occupy Space . New-York Tribune . A10 . 1941-0646 . . none.

    News: January 15, 1922 . Upholsterers in Lease; Removal to Heckscher Building Shows Trade Centre Change. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616223854/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/01/15/archives/upholsterers-in-lease-removal-to-heckscher-building-shows-trade.html . live .

78. News: February 21, 1922 . Commercial Leases; Consolidated Cigar Corporation Will Move to Heckscher Building. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616223853/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/02/21/archives/commercial-leases-consolidated-cigar-corporation-will-move-to.html . live .
79. News: December 22, 1922 . Stock Exchange Brokers Get Space in Heckscher Building . New-York Tribune . 20 . 1941-0646 . .
80. News: July 7, 1922 . Oil Refiners Lease Floor In Heckscher Building . New-York Tribune . 20 . 1941-0646 . .
81. November 20, 1922 . 57th Street Taking Place As New Business District: Growth Has Been Almost Over Night Seen as Rich Mine for Retailers — Heckscher Bldg. Among New Structures . Women's Wear . 33 . 25 . 118 . .
82. News: April 27, 1941 . August Heckscher Dies at 92; Benefactor of Poor Children: German Immigrant Was Minn Executive, Financier and a Leading New York Real Estate Owner; Gave Parks and $5,000,000 Building Characteristic Scene From the Life of a Philanthropist . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . .
83. October 27, 1924 . Joseph's To Be Located On 57th Street: Lease 30,000 Square Feet On 15-Year Lease — Expect To Occupy By Jan. 1, 1925. . Women's Wear . 1 . 29 . 100 . .
84. News: May 2, 1923 . Leases on Fifth Avenue; Jewelers in Long-Term Lease for Fifty-Seventh Street Corner. . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616235046/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/05/02/archives/leases-on-fifth-avenue-jewelers-in-longterm-lease-for-fiftyseventh.html . live .
85. January 8, 1924 . Hadley-Leon Shop, Smartly Decorated, Has Formal Opening: Comprehensive Stock Includes Airy Evening Types Of Chiffon And Lace—Interesting Cottons For Daytime . Women's Wear . 3 . 28 . 6 . .
86. News: December 9, 1934 . Heckscher Refused 7 Million for Building . New York Herald Tribune . I1 . 1941-0646 . .
87. News: June 5, 1930 . Real Estate Transactions in City and Suburbs: Heckscher Gets $4,500,000 on His Building Loan Covers 25-Story Structure Erected Ninety Years Ago at 5th Ave., 57th St. . New York Herald Tribune . 40 . 1941-0646 . . none.

    News: June 5, 1930 . Heckscher Building in 5th Av. Financed by $4,500,000 Loan . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617003724/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/06/05/archives/heckscher-building-in-5th-av-financed-by-4500000-loan.html . live .

88. News: November 7, 1929 . New Modern Art Museum Opens Exhibit Today: First Showing of Paintings in Heckscher Building Galleries L. by Invitation Admit Public Tomorrow Patrons Lend Works by Cezanne Gauguin. Seurat . New York Herald Tribune . 48 . 1941-0646 . . none.

    News: November 7, 1929 . Shows Modern Art Here Tomorrow; New Museum in the Heckscher Building to Hold Private Exhibition Today . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616235046/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/11/07/archives/shows-modern-art-here-tomorrow-new-museum-in-the-heckscher-building.html . live .

89. Rothman . Lily . November 7, 2014 . The Museum of Modern Art, Then and Now . June 16, 2024 . TIME . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616235047/https://time.com/3559798/moma-history/ . live .
90. Web site: Roche . Daniel Jonas . May 14, 2024 . Landmarks Preservation Commission designates the Heckscher Building, a French Renaissance tower by Warren & Wetmore from 1922 . June 15, 2024 . The Architect's Newspaper . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615011703/https://www.archpaper.com/2024/05/landmarks-preservation-commission-designates-heckscher-building/ . live .
91. News: Jewell . Edward Alden . February 9, 1932 . Modern Architecture Shown. . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617003723/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/09/archives/modern-architecture-shown.html . live .
92. Web site: August 2, 2013 . AD Classics: Modern Architecture International Exhibition / Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock . June 15, 2024 . ArchDaily . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625140736/https://www.archdaily.com/409918/ad-classics-modern-architecture-international-exhibition-philip-johnson-and-henry-russell-hitchcock . live .
93. Bender . Courtney . 2021 . Mrs. Rockefeller's Exquisite Corpse . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 63 . 4 . 788–789 . 10.1017/S0010417521000244 . 0010-4175 .
94. News: December 22, 1931 . Rivera Paintings To Be Exhibited Privately Today: 5 Large Frescoes Featured in Showing of Mexican's Art at Modern Museum Public Opening Tomorrow 148 Works Included in Unusual One-Man Display . New York Herald Tribune . 15 . 1941-0646 . . none.

    News: November 15, 1931 . Rivera Here, Ready for Painting Show; Noted Mexican Artist Worked En Route on 5 Canvases Needed for Exhibit . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617003723/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/11/15/archives/rivera-here-ready-for-painting-show-noted-mexican-artist-worked-en.html . live .

95. News: January 21, 1932 . W. 53d St. Building Is Leased as Home Of Modern Museum: 5-Story Structure To Be Occupied by May 1; Move Is Part of Bliss Plan . New York Herald Tribune . 17 . 1941-0646 . .
96. News: August 3, 1932 . Large Space Leased by Fifth Av. Store; Nelson-Hickson Firm to Move to Heckscher Building – Other Business Rentals. . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617003723/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/08/03/archives/large-space-leased-by-fifth-av-store-nelsonhkkson-firm-to-move-to.html . live .
97. News: November 25, 1932 . 173-Year-Old Concern Rents Fifth Av. Space: William Coulson & Sons Will Locate in Heckscher Building on Fifth Ave . New York Herald Tribune . 28 . 1941-0646 . .
98. News: January 9, 1934 . Antique Dealer Adds to Space On 5th Avenue: Symons Organization Takes Large Additional Unit in Heckscher Building . New York Herald Tribune . 34 . 1941-0646 . .
99. News: April 22, 1935 . Real Estate: Jewel Dealer Leases Space In 48th Street Universal Pictures Rents Penthouse in the Annex of 730 Fifth Avenue . New York Herald Tribune . 29 . 1941-0646 . .
100. News: January 14, 1937 . Camera Makers Move to Larger Midtown Space: E. Leitz, Inc., Takes 15,000 Square Feet in Heckscher Building; Other Leases . New York Herald Tribune . 37 . 1941-0646 . . none.

     News: January 14, 1937 . Camera Firm Rents Floor in Fifth Av.; E. Leitz, Inc., Takes Quarters in Heckscher Building—Printers Lease Space in Brooklyn. . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617180015/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/01/14/archives/camera-firm-rents-floor-in-fifth-av-e-leitz-inc-takes-quarters-in.html . live .

101. September 13, 1937 . Exhibition: New York Club Pays Rent and Pleases Artists . Newsweek . 25 . 10 . 11 . .
102. News: March 28, 1934 . New Bridge Club Rents in Midtown: Shepard Barclay Heads Group to Occupy Floors in the Heckscher Building. . The New York Times . 42 . 0362-4331 . .
103. News: February 26, 1939 . New Luncheon Club Rents on 5th Avenue . New York Herald Tribune . C1 . 1941-0646 . .
104. News: December 5, 1934 . Sues to Foreclose Heckscher Corner; City Bank Asks Sale of 5th Av. and 57th St. Building for $84,320 Unpaid Taxes . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616184517/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/12/05/archives/sues-to-foreclose-heckscher-corner-city-bank-asks-sale-of-5th-av.html . live .
105. News: January 11, 1934 . Heckscher Suit Asks 10 Million Of Rockefeller: Cites Unfair Competition; Calls Midlown Center a Frankenstein Monster . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . .
106. News: January 11, 1934 . Heckscher Suit Asks 10 Million Of Rockefeller: Cites Unfair Competition; Calls Midlown Center a Frankenstein Monster . New York Herald Tribune . 1 . 1941-0646 . . none.

     News: Warren . Carl . January 13, 1934 . Another Lease Spurs Attack on Radio City . June 17, 2024 . Daily News . 5 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617180018/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-another-lease-spurs-attack-on/149508541/ . live .

107. News: December 5, 1934 . Foreclosure Suit Is Filed Over Heckscher Building . New York Herald Tribune . 35 . 1941-0646 . .
108. News: July 3, 1938 . Heckscher Building Goes On the Block This Week . New York Herald Tribune . C1 . 1941-0646 . . none.

     News: July 3, 1938 . Heckscher Building Offered at Auction; Fifth Avenue Skyscraper in Forced Sale This Week . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616184519/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/07/03/archives/heckscher-building-offered-at-auction-fifth-avenue-skyscraper-in.html . live .

109. News: July 7, 1938 . Heckscher Building Sold On Bid of $4,250,000 . New York Herald Tribune . 33 . 1941-0646 . . none.

     News: July 3, 1938 . Heckscher Building Offered at Auction; Fifth Avenue Skyscraper in Forced Sale This Week . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616184519/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/07/03/archives/heckscher-building-offered-at-auction-fifth-avenue-skyscraper-in.html . live .

110. News: July 25, 1940 . Gown Concern Rents Big Store In 57th Street: Wilma Organization to Pay a Minimum of $225,000 for Plaza Zone Space . New York Herald Tribune . 31 . 1941-0646 . . none.

     News: July 25, 1940 . Dress Firm Goes to Fifth Avenue; Takes Shop and Mezzanine in Heckscher Building for Ten Years . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617180017/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/07/25/archives/dress-firm-goes-to-fifth-avenue-takes-shop-and-mezzanine-in.html . live .

111. News: April 18, 1944 . Parfums Charbert Rents Heckscher Building Space . New York Herald Tribune . 30 . 1941-0646 . . none.

     News: April 14, 1944 . 4 Floors Leased by Jewish Board . The New York Times . 32 . 0362-4331 . .

112. News: May 18, 1949 . Film Concern Leases: New Sales Organization Takes Floor in 730 Fifth Avenue . The New York Times . 48 . 0362-4331 . .
113. News: Cooper . Lee E. . January 16, 1946 . Noyes Investing Interests Get 25-Story Heckscher Building; Big Office Structure on Fifth Avenue Is Reported to Have an Annual Rent Roll of About $700,000 . June 15, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616004030/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/01/16/archives/noyes-investing-interests-get-25story-heckscher-building-big-office.html . live .
114. News: February 14, 1946 . 5th Ave. Title Passed; Deed Shows Noyes Paid $5,000,000 for Heckscher Building . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617180015/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/02/14/archives/5th-ave-title-passed-deed-shows-noyes-paid-5000000-for-heckscher.html . live .
115. News: February 8, 1946 . Joseph Durst Mystery Man in Heckscher Deal: Fanner of Charles Noyes in Purchase of 25-Story Building, 5th Av., 57th St . New York Herald Tribune . 23 . 1941-0646 . .
116. News: February 3, 1946 . Profit Offered For Heckselier Sale Contract: "Cannot Break My Promise to Grandchildren, "Noyes Says in Refusing Fortune . New York Herald Tribune . C8 . 1941-0646 . .
117. News: August 10, 1949 . Loan of $4,150,000 on 5th Ave. Corner . The New York Times . 39 . 0362-4331 . .
118. News: January 9, 1951 . Transfers and Financing . New York Herald Tribune . 33 . 1941-0646 . .
119. News: Cooper . Lee E. . November 5, 1950 . Heckscher Tower on 5th Ave. Goes to Havana Buyers; Findlay and Durst Families Sell 25-Story Office Skyscraper on 57th Street Corner . June 16, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616184517/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/11/05/archives/heckscher-tower-on-5th-ave-goes-to-havana-buyers-findlay-and-durst.html . live .
120. February 23, 1951 . Corsets – Brassieres: To Open Newest Blackton Unit . Women's Wear Daily . 42 . 82 . 38 . . none.

     News: March 17, 1950 . Apparel Shop Gets Two 5th Ave. Stores . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617190238/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/03/17/archives/apparel-shop-gets-two-5th-ave-stores.html . live .

121. News: October 4, 1950 . Lehman Party Today; Candidate to Open Offices at 730 Fifth Avenue . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617190238/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/10/04/archives/lehman-party-today-candidate-to-open-offices-at-730-fifth-avenue.html . live .
122. May 23, 1953 . Night Clubs-Vaude: Mercury Has Lush Set-Up At 730 5th . The Billboard . 19 . 65 . 21 . .
123. News: December 21, 1959 . Space is Leased Top Paint Maker; Martin-Senour to Be Tenant in 730 Fifth Ave. – Carton Company Takes Floor . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617190239/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/21/archives/space-is-leased-top-paint-maker-martinsenour-to-be-tenant-in-730.html . live .
124. News: July 7, 1964 . Big Space Taken at 730 Fifth Ave; Lanvin - Charles of the Ritz to Consolidate Offices . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240613073552/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/07/archives/big-space-taken-at-730-fifth-ave-lanvin-charles-of-the-ritz-to.html . live .
125. News: Goldberger . Paul . September 24, 1976 . Metropolitan Baedeker . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617190238/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/24/archives/metropolitan-baedeker-strolling-elegant-57th-street.html . live .
126. News: Barmash . Isadore . July 15, 1982 . Herald Sq. Korvettes Store to Be Mall . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617195716/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/15/business/herald-sq-korvettes-store-to-be-mall.html . live .
127. News: Perlez . Jane . March 21, 1986 . Marcos Linked to Four Manhattan Sites . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721084146/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/21/world/marcos-linked-to-four-manhattan-sites.html . live .
128. News: Dunlap . David W. . January 13, 1991 . Commercial Property: The Bernstein Brothers; A Tangled Tale of Americas Towers and the Crown . June 18, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . November 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131114134628/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/realestate/commercial-property-bernstein-brothers-tangled-tale-americas-towers-crown.html . live .
129. News: Moses . Paul . April 10, 1990 . Banker: Imelda's Tears Did Trick . Newsday . 17 . 2574-5298 . . none.

     News: Wolff . Craig . April 10, 1990 . Marcos Said to Have Wept for Gift Of Skyscraper From Her Husband . June 18, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625140842/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/10/nyregion/marcos-said-to-have-wept-for-gift-of-skyscraper-from-her-husband.html . live .

130. News: Waldman . Myron S. . April 10, 1986 . The Marcos Bite of Big Apple: Marcoses' Manhattan Millions Real-estate dealers reveal holdings of Philippines' ex-first family . Newsday . 1 . 2574-5298 . . none.

     News: November 20, 1985 . Where is the Wealth? U. S. Holdings Are Cited . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617202612/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/20/world/where-is-the-wealth-us-holdings-are-cited.html . live .

131. News: Moritz . Owen . February 27, 1986 . Marcos unloading land . June 17, 2024 . Daily News . 103 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617220147/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-marcos-unloading-land/149529050/ . live .
132. News: Bivins . Larry . March 21, 1986 . Mister New York . Newsday . 4 . 2574-5298 . .
133. News: Pasztor . Andy . April 10, 1986 . New York Developers Apparently Link Marcos, Wife to Property in Manhattan . The Wall Street Journal . B1 . 0099-9660 . .
134. News: Gerth . Jeff . March 9, 1986 . Manila Has Data on Marcos Holdings . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617220145/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/09/world/manila-has-data-on-marcos-holdings.html . live .
135. News: Carey . Pete . March 11, 1986 . Ferdy's 30M scheme . June 17, 2024 . Daily News . 299 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617220147/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-ferdys-30m-scheme/149528206/ . live .
136. News: Selvin . Barbara W. . November 6, 1989 . Commercial Real Estate Marcos Sales Tough Task to Master . Newsday . 2 . 2574-5298 . .
137. News: Lipman . Joanne . March 6, 1986 . The Landlord's Lot Is Not an Easy One; Ask the Marcoses – Minding New York Property And Its Hired Managers Is Difficult From Manila . The Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . .
138. News: Carmody . Deirdre . Haberman . Clyde . September 22, 1982 . New York Day by Day . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617195712/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/22/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-169416.html . live .
139. News: Guenther . Robert . March 21, 1984 . Landlord's Unusual Response To Rent Controls Stirs Fight . The Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . . none.

     News: Fowler . Glenn . January 5, 1983 . Landmark At 40 Wall Is Sold; . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150731054925/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/05/business/landmark-at-40-wall-is-sold.html . live .

140. News: Rodriguez . Robert F. . May 15, 1983 . Nightlights . June 17, 2024 . The Daily Times . 168, 170, 171, 173, 179 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617195710/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-times-nightlights/149518375/ . live .
141. News: Herman . Robin . Johnston . Laurie . January 19, 1983 . New York Day by Day . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617195713/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/19/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-174985.html . live .
142. News: Goldberger . Paul . March 4, 1983 . For Some, Lights on a 5th Avenue Corner Are an Irritation . The New York Times . C28 . 0362-4331 . .
143. News: Anderson . Susan Heller . Bird . David . January 3, 1986 . New York Day by Day; Durable Flake . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625141345/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/03/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-durable-flake.html . live .
144. News: Goncharoff . Katya . July 24, 1983 . New Hope for Those Impatient With Elevator Service . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617195709/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/24/realestate/new-hope-for-those-impatient-with-elevator-service.html . live .
145. News: Brenson . Michael . May 20, 1983 . Art People; City's art policeman. . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617195713/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/20/arts/art-people-city-s-art-policeman.html . live .
146. News: Kennedy . Shawn G. . August 26, 1984 . New Signs of Old Glamour on Fifth Ave. . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210614200723/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/26/realestate/new-signs-of-old-glamour-on-fifth-ave.html . live .
147. March 7, 1986 . Cardin U.S.A. Moving Into Crown Building . Women's Wear Daily . 13 . 151 . 46 . .
148. Behen . Madonna . December 1, 1989 . Artium Opens Gallery Of Jewelry In Manhattan . Women's Wear Daily . 10 . 158 . 104 . .
149. Moin . David . February 13, 1989 . 57th And Fifth: The Street Is Paved With Gold: The Gilding Of 57th And Fifth . Women's Wear Daily . 1, 4, 5 . 151 . 30 . .
150. News: Shepard . Joan . February 13, 1985 . Developers' lust decried . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210606171341/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79056117/developers-lust-decried/ . June 6, 2021 . June 6, 2021 . New York Daily News . 119 .
151. News: Lohr . Steve . August 14, 1985 . Marcos Allies Bar Impeachment Bill . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625141346/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/14/world/marcos-allies-bar-impeachment-bill.html . live .
152. News: January 24, 1986 . Lawyer: Marcos Ownership Implied . 16 . Newsday . newspapers.com . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182252/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100187001/lawyer-marcos-ownership-implied/ . live .
153. News: Gerth . Jeff . January 16, 1986 . U.S. Panel Links a Banker to Marcos . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183252/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/16/world/us-panel-links-a-banker-to-marcos.html . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 .
154. News: Gerth . Jeff . January 30, 1986 . 4 New York Buildings Called Marcos Gifts to Wife . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421183253/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/30/world/4-new-york-buildings-called-marcos-gifts-to-wife.html . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 .
155. News: Russakoff . Dale . March 30, 1986 . The Philippines: Anatomy of a Looting . en-US . Washington Post . October 15, 2021 . 0190-8286 . August 25, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200825214557/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/03/30/the-philippines-anatomy-of-a-looting/620251dc-cffe-46f3-be40-a248f501882c/ . live .
156. News: Gerth . Jeff . February 22, 1986 . 4 New York Buildings Linked to Marcos Up for Sale . December 27, 2022 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . December 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228033208/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/22/world/4-new-york-buildings-linked-to-marcos-up-for-sale.html . live .
157. News: Bivins . Larry . February 28, 1986 . Bernstein Brothers: Killer B's . Newsday . 3 . 2574-5298 . . none.

     News: Lipman . Joanne . February 25, 1986 . Three Buildings Linked to Marcos May Change Hands: Option Calls for Purchase Of New York Properties At Price of $2 . The Wall Street Journal . 2 . 0099-9660 . .

158. News: Berkowitz . Harry . Selvin . Barbara W. . February 22, 1989 . Marcos Properties on Block Manila 'auctions' city sites . Newsday . 7 . 2574-5298 . .
159. News: Moses . Paul . February 15, 1988 . 'Pot of Gold' Steeped in Intrigue . June 18, 2024 . Newsday . 7 . June 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618022224/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-pot-of-gold-steeped-in-intrigu/149547228/ . live .
160. News: Perlez . Jane . December 11, 1986 . Marcos and Manhattan Property Case: Enter Saudi Billionaire . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617220144/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/11/world/marcos-and-manhattan-property-case-enter-saudi-billionaire.html . live .
161. News: Rosenfeld . Neill S. . March 4, 1986 . Marcos' NY Properties Frozen By State Court at Aquino Behest . Newsday . 5 . 2574-5298 . . none.

     News: Pace . Eric . March 4, 1986 . Marcos Holdings Frozen by Judge . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524184057/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/04/world/marcos-holdings-frozen-by-judge.html . May 24, 2015 . April 29, 2020 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 .

162. News: May 19, 1987 . Court Widens Discrimination Ban . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182252/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100187704/court-widens-discrimination-ban/ . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . Newsday . 9, 27 . newspapers.com .
163. News: Bivins . Larry . April 19, 1986 . Value of 3 Holdings Said to Be Dropping . June 17, 2024 . Newsday . 6 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617220145/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-value-of-3-holdings-said-to-be-d/149527942/ . live .
164. News: December 30, 1986 . Manila Sues for Title to Marcos' N.Y. Properties . Los Angeles Times . 5 . . none.

     News: December 30, 1986 . Manila Seeks Possession of 4 Manhattan Buildings . December 27, 2022 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . December 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221228033207/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/30/world/manila-seeks-possession-of-4-manhattan-buildings.html . live .

165. News: Barmash . Isadore . November 8, 1989 . Retail Mall on 34th St. Set for Auction Today . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625141245/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/08/business/retail-mall-on-34th-st-set-for-auction-today.html . live .
166. News: Schatz . Robin . March 2, 1987 . A World of Trouble At Herald Center . Newsday . 1 . 2574-5298 . .
167. News: July 13, 1988 . Giuliani Reportedly Seeks to Indict Marcos . June 18, 2024 . The Buffalo News . 3 . The Associated Press . June 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618025011/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-giuliani-reportedly-see/149547562/ . live .
168. News: Hylton . Richard . February 10, 1991 . Philippines Gains Little In Marcos Building Sale . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230338/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/10/nyregion/philippines-gains-little-in-marcos-building-sale.html . March 6, 2016 . November 24, 2015 . The New York Times .
169. News: Lowenstein . Roger . November 17, 1988 . Khashoggi Loses Round in Claim To 3 Marcos-Related Properties . The Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . .
170. Grant . Peter . May 1, 1989 . New Twists in Battle for Marcos' Spoils . Crain's New York Business . 23 . 5 . 18 . .
171. News: Barsky . Neil . February 22, 1989 . Philippines Sets Sale of Buildings Marcos Owned . Wall Street Journal . 1 . 0099-9660 . .
172. News: Moses . Paul . May 10, 1990 . Bank VP: Marcos Didn't Repay $16M . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
173. News: Wolff . Craig . July 3, 1990 . The Marcos Verdict; Marcos Is Cleared of All Charges In Racketeering and Fraud Case . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200222144020/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/03/nyregion/marcos-verdict-marcos-cleared-all-charges-racketeering-fraud-case.html . February 22, 2020 . December 28, 2022 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 .
174. News: August 20, 1989 . Marcos Holdings Shedding Web of Intrigue . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200427070252/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/20/realestate/marcos-holdings-shedding-web-of-intrigue.html . April 27, 2020 . April 29, 2020 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 .
175. News: Selvin . Barbara . October 12, 1989 . Bankruptcy in Curacao Muddles Marcos Parcels . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421182253/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100187633/bankruptcy-in-curacao-muddles-marcos/ . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . Newsday . 57 . newspapers.com .
176. News: Selvin . Barbara W. . October 19, 1989 . Hot Properties City Architect Has Designs on Hungary . Newsday . 57 . 2574-5298 . .
177. News: February 9, 1991 . Bidding is weak at Marcos sale . Chicago Tribune . 1 . 1085-6706 . . Reuters .
178. News: February 11, 1991 . New York Crown Building Auctioned at $93.6 Million . The Wall Street Journal . B5A . 0099-9660 . .
179. News: Pacelle . Mitchell . February 8, 1991 . Crown Building's Auction May Define Extent of New York Real Estate Decline . The Wall Street Journal . B7C . 0099-9660 . .
180. News: Moses . Paul . December 21, 1990 . Philippines Gets Share In Marcos Site Profits . Newsday . 2574-5298 . . none.

     News: Dunlap . David W. . December 21, 1990 . Partnership Ends Feud Over Marcos Property . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . April 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420222229/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/21/nyregion/partnership-ends-feud-over-marcos-property.html . live .

181. News: Hylton . Richard D. . February 10, 1991 . Philippines Gains Little In Marcos Building Sale . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230338/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/10/nyregion/philippines-gains-little-in-marcos-building-sale.html . March 6, 2016 . June 14, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 .
182. News: March 24, 1994 . NY taxmen go after a third Philippine bldg. . Filipino Reporter . 1 . .
183. News: Garbarine . Rachelle . August 28, 1991 . Real Estate; Small Offices Lure Tenants In Midtown . June 18, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . August 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210813020352/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/28/business/real-estate-small-offices-lure-tenants-in-midtown.html . live .
184. News: Oser . Alan S. . December 15, 1991 . Perspectives: The Spitzer Outlook; On Alert for Sites As the Cycles Turn . June 18, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618025015/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/15/realestate/perspectives-the-spitzer-outlook-on-alert-for-sites-as-the-cycles-turn.html . live .
185. News: Dunlap . David W. . January 24, 1993 . Commercial Property: Fifth Avenue; Doldrums? Not Along Fifth Ave. . June 19, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619003454/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/realestate/commercial-property-fifth-avenue-doldrums-not-along-fifth-ave.html . live .
186. Moin . David . March 14, 1990 . Retailing: A Feraud Showcase on 56th . Women's Wear Daily . 26 . 159 . 51 . .
187. Costin . Glynis . July 8, 1992 . Sergio Valente To Open In Biagiotti's Boutique . Women's Wear Daily . 2 . 164 . 5 . .
188. News: Deutsch . Claudia H. . September 4, 1994 . Commercial Property/The Art World; Galleries, Off Critical List, Opening or Expanding . June 18, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . April 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411045635/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/04/realestate/commercial-property-art-world-galleries-off-critical-list-opening-expanding.html . live .
189. September 2, 1998 . Falmola's New Showroom . Women's Wear Daily . 35 . 176 . 45 . .
190. News: Vogel . Carol . April 2, 1993 . The Art Market . June 18, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618031051/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/02/arts/the-art-market.html . live .
191. News: Rothstein . Mervyn . March 20, 1996 . Real Estate;A new agency of New York City is moving into the International Design Center in Long Island City. . June 18, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618031050/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/20/business/real-estate-new-agency-new-york-city-moving-into-international-design-center.html . live .
192. News: Schiro . Anne-Marie . August 11, 1992 . Patterns . June 18, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618031050/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/11/news/patterns-426092.html . live .
193. News: Rothstein . Mervyn . February 27, 1997 . Italian Dressing . June 19, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170409/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/27/nyregion/italian-dressing.html . live .
194. Haughney . Christine . August 23, 2004 . Up for staying put . Crain's New York Business . 3 . 20 . 34 . .
195. News: Pristin . Terry . February 24, 1998 . Metro Business; New York Office for Sun . June 19, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619021151/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/24/nyregion/metro-business-new-york-office-for-sun.html . live .
196. News: Deutsch . Claudia H. . July 30, 1995 . Commercial Property/Fifth Avenue in the 50's; As Troubles Ebb, It's Becoming The Avenue Again . June 19, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210625041023/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/30/realestate/commercial-property-fifth-avenue-50-s-troubles-ebb-it-s-becoming-avenue-again.html . live .
197. Walsh . Mark . April 21, 1997 . The return of the instant office . Crain's New York Business . 32 . 13 . 16 . .
198. News: Foderaro. Lisa W.. 1997-05-22. Bulgari Loosens Up. 2024-08-04. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331.
199. September 17, 2001 . Findings . Women's Wear Daily . 10 . .
200. November 10, 2000 . Vidal Sassoon Aims For Harmony . Women's Wear Daily . 10 . 180 . 90 . .
201. Karimzadeh . Marc . December 22, 2003 . Accessories Report: Two Jewel Boxes Charm Manhattan: Gilan . Women's Wear Daily . 11 . 186 . 128 . .
202. News: Wilson . Claire . August 26, 2007 . At Headquarters, Shoes Are the Showcase . June 21, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 21, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621191406/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/realestate/commercial/26sqft.html . live .
203. Golden . John . June 11, 2007 . A 'suite' deal . Westchester County Business Journal . 1 . 46 . 24 . .
204. News: Feiden . Douglas . August 11, 2013 . Pushing Buttons in the Family Business; Eliot Spitzer Steers Roughly $1 Billion Portfolio While Actively Seeking New Employment . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . . June 21, 2024 . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625141246/https://www.wsj.com/articles/pushing-buttons-in-the-family-business-1376268474 . live .
205. News: Clarke . Katherine . The Son Also Rises . November 23, 2015 . New York Daily News . May 15, 2015 . October 25, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151025074413/http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/spitzer-empire-play-luv-guv-calls-shots-article-1.2222256 . live .
206. Web site: Katz . Rayna . December 5, 2014 . Crown Building Is on the Block . June 14, 2024 . GlobeSt . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160951/https://www.globest.com/2014/12/05/crown-building-is-on-the-block/?slreturn=20240614115830 . live .
207. Web site: Moses . Claire . December 19, 2014 . Crown Building Sale . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160954/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2014/12/19/sutton-and-ggps-1-75b-crown-building-buy-sets-world-record/ . live .
208. Web site: Levitt . David M. . December 18, 2014 . General Growth Said to Buy NYC's Crown Building With Partner . June 17, 2024 . WWD . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160953/https://wwd.com/feature/general-growth-said-to-buy-nycs-crown-building-with-partner-8081550-2094740/?sub_action=logged_in . live .
209. Web site: December 18, 2014 . Manhattan Fifth Avenue Tower Said to Sell for $1.75 Billion . June 14, 2024 . Bloomberg . September 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220928193626/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-18/general-growth-said-to-buy-nyc-s-crown-building-with-partner . live .
210. Web site: Bubny . Paul . December 21, 2014 . Crown Building Sale Sets Record . June 14, 2024 . GlobeSt . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160950/https://www.globest.com/2014/12/21/crown-building-sale-sets-record/ . live .
211. News: Clarke . Katherine . May 15, 2015 . He's a Big Deal Again an Empire's in Play as Spitzer Calls the Shots . New York Daily News . 1 . 2692-1251 . .
212. Web site: Willis . Haisten . April 23, 2015 . The Crown Building in New York Sells for $1.78B . June 14, 2024 . REBusinessOnline . none . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625141250/https://rebusinessonline.com/the-crown-building-in-new-york-sells-for-1-78b/ . live .

     Web site: Gross . Max . April 20, 2015 . Sutton Closes on Crown Building and Inks Deal for Aman Hotel . June 14, 2024 . Commercial Observer . July 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240710112142/https://commercialobserver.com/2015/04/sutton-closes-on-crown-building-and-inks-deal-for-aman-hotel/ . live .

213. Web site: Clarke . Katherine . April 30, 2015 . Eliot Spitzer's real estate biz sets world record with $1.78B sale of Midtown office gem . June 19, 2024 . New York Daily News . June 19, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240619174100/https://www.nydailynews.com/2015/04/30/eliot-spitzers-real-estate-biz-sets-world-record-with-178b-sale-of-midtown-office-gem/ . live .
214. News: April 7, 2015 . Shvo, Aman Resorts buy non-retail piece of Crown Building for $500M . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151101033217/http://therealdeal.com/blog/2015/04/07/shvo-amanresorts-buy-most-of-the-crown-building-for-475m/ . November 1, 2015 . November 12, 2015 . The Real Deal .
215. Web site: Pomorski . Chris . October 17, 2022 . The Billionaire Behind New York's Most Luxe Hotel . June 14, 2024 . Curbed . February 28, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240228060916/https://www.curbed.com/2022/10/aman-new-york-vladislav-doronin.html . live .
216. Web site: Baird-Remba . Rebecca . March 21, 2018 . Investment Firm Abandons Crown Building for New 57th Street Offices . June 14, 2024 . Commercial Observer . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181702/https://commercialobserver.com/2018/03/industrial-investment-firm-abandons-crown-building-for-new-west-57th-street-offices/ . live .
217. News: Pogrebin . Robin . April 7, 2016 . Art May Clash With Commerce in the Crown Building . June 14, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621172145/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/08/arts/design/art-may-clash-with-commerce-in-the-crown-building.html . live .
218. Web site: Stulberg . Ariel . June 1, 2016 . Sutton, GGP buy ICM Partners out of Crown Building sublease . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181707/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/06/01/sutton-ggp-buy-icm-partners-out-of-crown-building-sublease/ . live .
219. Edelson . Sharon . July 17, 2017 . For Rent: Have rents peaked? Is the worst over or will there be more pain? A correction is seen as bringing stability to the market . Women's Wear Daily . 1, 6–7 . .
220. Web site: Guerre . Liam La . November 10, 2015 . Bulgari Shrinking With New Lease in the Crown Building . June 14, 2024 . Commercial Observer . none . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181703/https://commercialobserver.com/2015/11/bulgari-shrinking-with-new-lease-in-the-crown-building/ . live.

     Web site: Mashayekhi . Rey . Pincus . Adam . November 10, 2015 . 730 Fifth Avenue . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614163956/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2015/11/10/bulgaris-730-fifth-lease-sets-new-nyc-retail-record/ . live .

221. Web site: Balbi . Danielle . March 3, 2016 . Another High-End Retailer to Call the Crown Building Home . June 14, 2024 . Commercial Observer . none . November 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126211726/https://commercialobserver.com/2016/03/another-high-end-retailer-to-call-the-crown-building-home/ . live.

     Web site: Stulberg . Ariel . March 2, 2016 . 730 Fifth Avenue . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181705/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/03/02/zegna-to-open-flagship-store-at-the-crown-building/ . live .

222. Web site: Garced . Kristi . November 10, 2016 . Mikimoto Revamps Flagship, Launches Gem Book . June 14, 2024 . WWD . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181701/https://wwd.com/feature/mikimoto-flagship-gem-book-pearl-10697875/ . live .
223. Web site: Bockmann . Rich . November 23, 2016 . Shvo, Doronin moving forward with Crown Building conversion . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181705/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/11/23/shvo-doronin-moving-forward-with-crown-building-conversion/ . live .
224. Web site: Rosenberg . Zoe . November 23, 2016 . Midtown's Crown Building will indeed get "ultraluxury" condos, hotel . June 14, 2024 . Curbed NY . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160951/https://ny.curbed.com/2016/11/23/13734024/crown-building-residential-conversion-plans-nyc . live .
225. Web site: December 7, 2016 . Shvo Files Plans to Convert Crown Building to Condominiums and Hotel at 730 Fifth Avenue . June 14, 2024 . New York YIMBY . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181702/https://newyorkyimby.com/2016/12/shvo-files-plans-to-convert-crown-building-to-condominiums-and-hotel-at-730-fifth-avenue.html . live .
226. Web site: Hughes . C. J. . August 30, 2022 . Despite a sleepy summer for luxury sales, closings on condos at the Aman New York appear strong . June 14, 2024 . Crain's New York Business . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614183203/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/residential-real-estate/despite-sleepy-summer-luxury-sales-closings-condos-aman-new-york-appear . live .
227. Web site: Solomont . E.B. . September 19, 2017 . Shvo no longer co-developer of Crown Building conversion: OKO . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . July 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240710112146/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2017/09/19/shvo-no-longer-co-developer-of-crown-building-conversion-oko/ . live .
228. Web site: Tarmy . James . October 26, 2017 . Aman Resorts Is Bringing $50 Million Condos to NYC . June 14, 2024 . Bloomberg.com . August 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210814080144/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-26/aman-resorts-coming-to-new-york-with-multimillion-dollar-condos . live .
229. News: Schneier . Matthew . October 24, 2017 . Bulgari Reopens Fifth Avenue Flagship Store . June 15, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003645/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/24/fashion/bulgari-reopens-fifth-avenue-flagship-store.html . live .
230. Web site: Solomont . E.B. . March 15, 2018 . Crown Building penthouse in contract for whopping $180M . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160957/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2018/03/15/crown-building-penthouse-in-contract-for-whopping-180m-sources/ . live .
231. Web site: Plitt . Amy . March 15, 2018 . Crown Building's five-story, $180M penthouse allegedly has a buyer . June 14, 2024 . Curbed NY . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160945/https://ny.curbed.com/2018/3/15/17126602/midtown-nyc-crown-building-penthouse-sold . live .
232. Web site: McLaughlin . Katherine . July 10, 2024 . This $135 Million Penthouse is NYC's Priciest Sale of the Year . July 11, 2024 . Architectural Digest.
233. Web site: Grossman . Matt . January 8, 2019 . Cain International Steps in on $1B Crown Building Refi . June 16, 2024 . Commercial Observer . none . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616010225/https://commercialobserver.com/2019/01/cain-crown-building-refi/ . live.

     Web site: Solomont . E.B. . Putzier . Konrad . December 19, 2018 . Doronin, Aman Group land $285M development loan for Crown Building . June 16, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181711/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2018/12/19/doronin-aman-group-land-285m-development-loan-for-crown-building/ . live .

234. Web site: Zargani . Luisa . February 13, 2019 . Ermenegildo Zegna Flagship Opens in New York . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210415171126/https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-retail-business/ermenegildo-zegna-flagship-opens-in-new-york-1203023055/ . April 15, 2021 . January 3, 2021 . WWD . en-US .
235. Web site: Manrodt . Alexis . Jeans . David . July 10, 2019 . Crown Building Owner Negotiating Refinance With Natixis, Apollo . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181702/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2019/07/10/crown-building-owners-in-talks-with-natixis-apollo-for-900m-refi/ . live .
236. Web site: Cunningham . Cathy . August 26, 2019 . Wharton Properties, Brookfield Score $807M Refi for Crown Building . June 14, 2024 . Commercial Observer . none . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181701/https://commercialobserver.com/2019/08/wharton-properties-brookfield-score-807m-refi-for-crown-buildings-retail-portion/ . live.

     News: Jeans . David . August 26, 2019 . Crown Building owner secures $800M loan to refinance . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614162502/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2019/08/26/apollo-to-provide-800m-loan-for-crown-building/ . live .

237. Web site: Bockmann . Rich . August 10, 2020 . Jeff Sutton's Wharton Properties Sold Crown Building Stake . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614162501/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2020/08/10/jeff-sutton-quietly-sold-piece-of-crown-building/ . live .
238. Web site: Marinescu . Adriana . October 2, 2019 . Manhattan's Crown Building Scores $750M Redevelopment Loan . June 14, 2024 . Commercial Property Executive . none . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181703/https://www.commercialsearch.com/news/manhattans-crown-building-scores-750m-redevelopment-loan/ . live.

     Web site: Manrodt . Alexis . Bockmann . Rich . October 1, 2019 . Crown Building Construction Loan . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181711/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2019/10/01/doronin-lands-750m-construction-loan-for-crown-building-conversion/ . live .

239. Web site: Dilakian . Steven . Wall . Sheridan . March 26, 2024 . Aman New York Nabs $50M Deal . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160950/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2024/03/26/aman-new-york-nabs-50m-deal/ . live .
240. Web site: Mitchell . Heidi . April 30, 2021 . High-End Residences in New York City are Bringing Hotel Life Home . July 22, 2021 . Architectural Digest . en-US . July 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210726040639/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/when-your-hotel-is-also-your-home . live .
241. Web site: Guttmann . Ben . September 9, 2021 . The Secret Price of a Life . June 14, 2024 . City Limits . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614232946/https://citylimits.org/2021/09/09/the-secret-price-of-a-life/ . live .
242. News: Solomont . E. B. . December 9, 2021 . Manhattan Home at Aman New York in Contract for $55 Million . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . . June 21, 2024 . June 21, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621201701/https://www.wsj.com/articles/manhattan-home-at-aman-new-york-in-contract-for-55-million-11639080075 . live .
243. Web site: Hourie . Ilya . Larsen . Keith . April 4, 2022 . Vlad Doronin Nears Massive Refi on Crown Building Project . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181709/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2022/04/04/vlad-doronin-nears-massive-refi-for-condo-hotel-project-at-crown-building/ . live .
244. Web site: Cunningham . Cathy . June 10, 2022 . OKO Group Seals $754M Loan for Aman New York Hotel & Residences . June 14, 2024 . Commercial Observer . none.

     Web site: Monahan . Shea . Larsen . Keith . June 10, 2022 . Vlad Doronin's OKO Group Nabs $754M Refi on Crown Building . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160945/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2022/06/10/vlad-doronin-closes-754m-refi-on-crown-building-condo-hotel-conversion/ . live .

245. Web site: Solomont . E.B. . February 5, 2024 . Asian Buyer Pays $61.58 Million for Full-Floor Apartment on Fifth Avenue . June 21, 2024 . Mansion Global . February 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240213113244/https://www.mansionglobal.com/articles/asian-buyer-pays-61-58-million-for-full-floor-apartment-on-fifth-avenue-7006f939 . live .
246. News: Wrathall . Claire . August 25, 2022 . Inside New York's newest — and most expensive — hotel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515133138/https://www.ft.com/content/b1956a5f-6492-43a4-8aa6-dbdf6492ec9d . May 15, 2024 . August 26, 2022 . Financial Times .
247. Web site: Ekstein . Nikki . August 11, 2022 . At Aman New York, a $20,000 Suite Doesn't Get You Full Hotel Access . June 14, 2024 . Bloomberg.com . September 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220926172346/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-08-11/aman-new-york-is-the-most-expensive-hotel-in-nyc-exclusive-first-look-photos . live .
248. Web site: Rahmanan . Anna . August 12, 2022 . See inside the most expensive hotel in NYC . June 14, 2024 . Time Out New York . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625141248/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/see-inside-the-most-expensive-hotel-in-nyc-081222 . live .
249. Web site: Bhojwani . Romy . August 23, 2022 . Aman New York Opens Amid Return to Strong Hospitality Fundamentals . June 14, 2024 . CoStar . August 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220824214959/https://www.costar.com/article/772052595/aman-new-york-opens-amid-return-to-strong-hospitality-fundamentals . live .
250. Web site: Rogers . Jack . September 9, 2022 . Aman Group Puts NYC's Crown Building on Market for $600M . June 14, 2024 . GlobeSt . none . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181703/https://www.globest.com/2022/09/09/aman-group-puts-nycs-crown-building-on-market-for-600m/ . live.

     Web site: Dilakian . Steven . September 7, 2022 . Vlad Doronin's Aman Group Eyeing Sale of Crown Building . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181703/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2022/09/07/doronins-aman-group-eyeing-sale-of-crown-building/ . live .

251. Web site: Reddinger . Paige . December 6, 2022 . Bright Lights, Big Diamonds: Chopard Just Opened a New Flagship Store in New York City . June 14, 2024 . Robb Report . none . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614232945/https://robbreport.com/style/jewelry/chopard-opens-new-fifth-avenue-boutique-1234781845/ . live.

     Web site: December 5, 2022 . Chopard Celebrates Grand Opening Of Its New Fifth Avenue Flagship . June 14, 2024 . JCK . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614232946/https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/chopard-fifth-avenue-flagship/ . live .

252. Web site: Tarmy . James . December 16, 2022 . Here Are This Year's 10 Most Expensive NYC Residential Sales . June 14, 2024 . Bloomberg.com . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614232945/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-16/the-10-most-expensive-nyc-residential-sales-2022-condos-co-ops-townhouses . live .
253. Web site: Cuba . Julianne . Hughes . C. J. . March 27, 2024 . Meta-linked trust snatches up Midtown penthouse in $50M deal . June 14, 2024 . Crain's New York Business . none . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614162452/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/real-estate/meta-linked-trust-snatches-midtown-penthouse-50m-deal . live.

     Web site: Dilakian . Steven . March 28, 2024 . Aman New York's $50M Buyer Linked to Meta . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160945/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2024/03/28/aman-new-yorks-50m-buyer-linked-to-meta/ . live .

254. Web site: Gannon . Devin . February 6, 2024 . Aman New York condo sells for $61.58M . June 14, 2024 . 6sqft . none.

     Web site: Hourie . Ilya . Wall . Sheridan . February 5, 2024 . Crown Building Trades $62M Condo to Hong Kong Exec . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614160952/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2024/02/05/crown-building-trades-62m-condo-to-hong-kong-exec/ . live .

255. Web site: Montanez . Abby . Exclusive: Aman New York Is Opening Its Private Residences for Overnight Stays. Here's a Look Inside. . Robb Report . September 12, 2023 . June 15, 2024 . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003703/https://robbreport.com/shelter/vacation-homes/aman-new-york-home-rentals-1234893427/ . live .
256. Web site: February 8, 2024 . Chanel opens its first U.S. store dedicated to jewelry and watches . June 15, 2024 . Crain's New York Business . none.

     Web site: Berlinger . Max . February 8, 2024 . Chanel Opens Its First US Store Dedicated to Jewelry and Watches . June 15, 2024 . Bloomberg.com .

257. Web site: April 25, 2024 . Prada buys Midtown Manhattan commercial unit in Crown Building . June 14, 2024 . New York Business Journal .
258. Web site: Trombola . Nick . April 26, 2024 . Prada Buys Yet Another Fifth Avenue Retail Property for $13M . June 14, 2024 . Commercial Observer . none . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625142432/https://commercialobserver.com/2024/04/prada-buys-another-fifth-ave-building-13m/ . live.

     Web site: Cifuentes . Kevin . Cryan . Elizabeth . April 25, 2024 . Prada Buys Retail Condo at 730 Fifth Avenue in NYC . June 14, 2024 . The Real Deal . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614162502/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2024/04/25/prada-buys-retail-condo-at-730-fifth-avenue-in-nyc/ . live .

259. Web site: Gannon . Devin . May 16, 2024 . NYC's gilded Crown Building is landmarked . June 14, 2024 . 6sqft . none . June 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240614232946/https://www.6sqft.com/nycs-gilded-crown-building-is-landmarked/ . live.

     Web site: Rahhal . Emily . May 14, 2024 . Fifth Avenue skyscraper, home of Aman resort, named historic landmark . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515133158/https://pix11.com/news/local-news/manhattan/fifth-avenue-skyscraper-home-of-aman-resort-named-historic-landmark/ . May 15, 2024 . May 15, 2024 . PIX11 . none. ; Web site: May 15, 2024 . Landmarks Designates the Crown Building in Midtown . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240515133122/https://www.citylandnyc.org/landmarks-designates-the-crown-building-in-midtown/ . May 15, 2024 . May 15, 2024 . CityLand .

260. Web site: Rebong . Kevin . Bockmann . Rich . Serdar Bilgili Sues Michael Shvo over Aman residences . The Real Deal . June 27, 2024 . July 2, 2024 . none . July 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240710112159/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2024/06/27/serdar-bilgili-sues-michael-shvo-over-aman-residences/ . live .

     Web site: Small . Eddie . Developer Shvo faces lawsuit over Billionaires Row Aman project . Crain's New York Business . June 26, 2024 . July 2, 2024 . June 28, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240628191021/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/real-estate/michael-shvo-faces-lawsuit-serdar-bilgili-over-billionaires-row-aman-project . live .

261. Web site: Gourarie . Chava . 2024-07-09 . Aman New York Penthouse Sells for $135 Million—the City's Biggest Deal This Year . 2024-07-10 . Mansion Global.
262. Web site: Wall . Sheridan . Vlad Doronin Buyer of $135M Aman New York penthouse . The Real Deal . July 11, 2024 . July 12, 2024.
263. Web site: July 10, 2024 . $135M Aman penthouse tops Manhattan sales . July 11, 2024 . The Real Deal . none.

     Web site: Hurley . Bevan . July 10, 2024 . Penthouse sells for $135m in New York's priciest deal since 2022 . July 11, 2024 . The Times & The Sunday Times.

264. Web site: Wall . Sheridan . Aman New York snags its first resale . The Real Deal . July 31, 2024 . July 31, 2024.
265. Web site: Hughes . C. J. . Thai investor picks up second-to-last sponsor unit at Billionaires Row condo . Crain's New York Business . August 20, 2024 . August 22, 2024.
266. News: November 21, 1920 . Glimpsing Fifth Avenue's Future in the Crystal Ball . June 16, 2024 . New York Herald . 59 . June 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240616223853/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-herald-glimpsing-fifth-avenues/149464301/ . live .
267. News: November 13, 1921 . Pyramid Skyscrapers Liked by New York Newspapers: "Will Become Ear-marks of Father Knickerbocker's City Beautiful," According to One Critic . Courier-Journal . B7 . .
268. Corbett . Harvey W. . June 8, 1921 . High Buildings on Narrow Streets: Being Extracts From a Paper Delivered Before the Fifty-fourth Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects Planning High Buildings . The American Architect . 608 . 119 . 2369 . .
269. News: June 5, 1924 . The "Zoning Law" in New York: Novel Ties in Skyscrapers . The Manchester Guardian . 7 . .
270. Book: Myers, Willard Gilman . The Unbelievable City . 1926 . 17 . June 21, 2024 . June 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625142441/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433058769609&seq=25 . live .
271. Book: Kilham, Walter Harrington . Raymond Hood, Architect: Form Through Function in the American Skyscraper . Architectural Book Publishing Company . 1974 . 978-0-8038-0218-6 . G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . 86 .
272. News: Goldberger . Paul . December 13, 1984 . Critic's Notebook; a Snowflake Weighs Heavily on Fifth Avenue . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . June 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617195714/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/13/arts/critic-s-notebook-a-snowflake-weighs-heavily-on-fifith-avenue.html . live .
273. News: Goncharoff . Katya . August 12, 1984 . The Glitter of Gold Gains in Facade and Lobby Decor: Some Say Owners Feel Gilding May Enhance Values . June 17, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . March 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210331172644/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/12/realestate/the-glitter-of-gold-gains-in-facade-and-lobby-door-some-owners.html . live .
274. Web site: Rahmanan . Anna . September 20, 2023 . This ridiculously expensive NYC hotel was just named one of the best in the world . June 14, 2024 . Time Out New York . none . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003703/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/this-ridiculously-expensive-nyc-hotel-was-just-named-one-of-the-best-in-the-world-092023 . live.

     Web site: Hardingham-Gill . Tamara . September 20, 2023 . World's 50 best hotels for 2023 revealed . June 14, 2024 . CNN . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003703/https://www.cnn.com/travel/world-50-best-hotels-2023-cmd/index.html . live .

275. Web site: Elbaba . Julia . April 25, 2024 . Here are the four top NYC hotels, according to the Michelin Guide . June 14, 2024 . NBC New York . none . June 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240613162910/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/four-nyc-hotels-receive-top-honor-michelin-key-hotels-2024/5353643/ . live.

     Web site: Weaver . Shaye . April 24, 2024 . These NYC hotels were just awarded Michelin 'Keys' . June 14, 2024 . Time Out New York . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003706/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/27-new-york-city-hotels-have-been-awarded-michelin-keys-042424 . live .

276. Web site: April 24, 2024 . Michelin ranks 5 New York hotels among the world's best . June 14, 2024 . Crain's New York Business . June 15, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615003645/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/real-estate/michelin-hotel-keys-which-nyc-luxury-hotels-made-list . live .