Eastern moa explained

The eastern moa (Emeus crassus) is an extinct species of moa that was endemic to New Zealand.[1] [2]

Taxonomy

When the first specimens were originally described by Richard Owen, they were placed within the genus Dinornis as three different species, but, was later split off into their own genus, Emeus.[3] E. crassus is currently the only species of Emeus, as the other two species, E. casuarinus and E. huttonii are now regarded as synonyms of E. crassus. It has been long suspected that the "species" described as Emeus huttonii and E. crassus were males and females, respectively, of a single species. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material; the females of E. crassus were 15-25% larger than males.[4] This phenomenon — sexual dimorphism — is not uncommon amongst ratites, being also very pronounced in kiwis.

Description

Emeus was of average size, standing 1.5mto(-)1.8mm (04.9feetto(-)05.9feetm) tall, and weighing from 36 to 79kg.[5] Like other moa, it had no vestigial wing bones, hair-like feathers (beige in this case), a long neck and large, powerful legs with very short, strong tarsi. Its tarsometatarsus was restricted in motion to the parasagittal plane, much like most other ratites.[6] It also had a sternum without a keel and a distinctive palate. Emeus had pelvic musculature poorly adapted for cursoriality.[7] Its feet were exceptionally wide compared to other moas, making it a very slow creature. Soft parts of its body, such as tracheal rings (cartilage) or remnants of skin were found, as well as single bones and complete skeletons. As they neared the head, the feathers grew shorter, until they finally turned into coarse hair-like feathers; the head itself was probably bald.[8]

Range and habitat

Eastern moa lived only on the South Island, and lived in the lowlands (forests, grasslands, dunelands, and shrublands).[9] During the Last Glacial Maximum, it was confined to a single glacial refugium from which its range expanded during the Holocene.[10] Human colonists (specifically the Māori, who called them "moa mōmona") hunted Emeus into extinction with relative ease. E. crassus was the second most common species found at the Wairau Bar site in Marlborough, where more than 4000 moa were eaten. The species had gone extinct by about 1400.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Benes. Josef . Prehistoric Animals and Plants . 1979 . Hamlyn . London, UK . 0-600-30341-1 . 192 .
  2. Book: Tennyson, Alan J. D. . Extinct birds of New Zealand . 2006 . Te Papa Press . Paul Martinson . 978-0-909010-21-8 . Wellington, N.Z. . 34 . 80016906.
  3. Owen. Richard . 1846 . Description of Dinornis crassus . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 1846 . 46 .
  4. Huynen. Leon J. . Millar. Craig D.. Scofield. R. P. . Lambert. David M. . 2003 . Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa . . 425 . 6954 . 175–178 . 12968179. 10.1038/nature01838. 2003Natur.425..175H . 4413995 . (2003)
  5. Book: Tennyson, Alan . Extinct Birds of New Zealand . Martinson . Paul . 2006-01-01 . Te Papa Press . 978-0-909010-21-8.
  6. Zinoviev . Andrei V. . 14 March 2015 . Comparative anatomy of the intertarsal joint in extant and fossil birds: inferences for the locomotion of Hesperornis regalis (Hesperornithiformes) and Emeus crassus (Dinornithiformes) . . en . 156 . S1 . 317–323 . 10.1007/s10336-015-1195-4 . 2193-7192 . 26 July 2024 . Springer Link.
  7. Zinoviev . A. V. . 19 December 2013 . Notes on the pelvic musculature of Emeus crassus and Dinornis robustus (Aves: Dinornithiformes) . . en . 47 . 11 . 1245–1251 . 10.1134/S003103011311018X . 0031-0301 . 26 July 2024 . Springer Link.
  8. Rawlence . Nj . Wood . Jr . Scofield . Rp . Fraser . C . Tennyson . Ajd . Soft-tissue specimens from pre-European extinct birds of New Zealand . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand . 2013 . 43 . 3 . 154–181 . 10.1080/03036758.2012.704878. 2013JRSNZ..43..154R . 10289/7785 . 54024852 . free .
  9. Encyclopedia: Davies . S. J. J. F.. Hutchins, Michael . Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia . Moas . 2 . 2003 . Gale Group . 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins . Farmington Hills, MI. 0-7876-5784-0 . 95–98.
  10. Verry . Alexander J. F. . Mitchell . Kieren J. . Rawlence . Nicolas J. . 11 May 2022 . Genetic evidence for post-glacial expansion from a southern refugium in the eastern moa (Emeus crassus) . . en . 18 . 5 . 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0013 . 1744-957X . 9091836 . 35538842.

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