HMGB2 explained
High-mobility group protein B2 also known as high-mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB2 gene.[1] [2]
Function
This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group protein family.[3] The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination.[2]
Further reading
- Alexandre S, Li WW, Lee AS . A human HMG2 cDNA with a novel 3'-untranslated region . Nucleic Acids Research . 20 . 23 . 6413 . Dec 1992 . 1475204 . 334538 . 10.1093/nar/20.23.6413 .
- Shirakawa H, Yoshida M . Structure of a gene coding for human HMG2 protein . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 267 . 10 . 6641–5 . Apr 1992 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50475-6 . 1551873 . free .
- Bernués J, Espel E, Querol E . Identification of the core-histone-binding domains of HMG1 and HMG2 . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression . 866 . 4 . 242–51 . May 1986 . 3697355 . 10.1016/0167-4781(86)90049-7 .
- Zwilling S, König H, Wirth T . High mobility group protein 2 functionally interacts with the POU domains of octamer transcription factors . The EMBO Journal . 14 . 6 . 1198–208 . Mar 1995 . 7720710 . 398197 . 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07103.x.
- Shykind BM, Kim J, Sharp PA . Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2 . Genes & Development . 9 . 11 . 1354–65 . Jun 1995 . 7797075 . 10.1101/gad.9.11.1354 . free .
- Paull TT, Haykinson MJ, Johnson RC . The nonspecific DNA-binding and -bending proteins HMG1 and HMG2 promote the assembly of complex nucleoprotein structures . Genes & Development . 7 . 8 . 1521–34 . Aug 1993 . 8339930 . 10.1101/gad.7.8.1521 . free .
- Wanschura S, Schoenmakers EF, Huysmans C, Bartnitzke S, Van de Ven WJ, Bullrdiek J . Mapping of the human HMG2 gene to 4q31 . Genomics . 31 . 2 . 264–5 . Jan 1996 . 8824816 . 10.1006/geno.1996.0046 .
- Nagaki S, Yamamoto M, Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, Teraoka H . Non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and 2 enhance ligation reaction of DNA double-strand breaks . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 246 . 1 . 137–41 . May 1998 . 9600082 . 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8589 .
- Boonyaratanakornkit V, Melvin V, Prendergast P, Altmann M, Ronfani L, Bianchi ME, Taraseviciene L, Nordeen SK, Allegretto EA, Edwards DP . High-mobility group chromatin proteins 1 and 2 functionally interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 18 . 8 . 4471–87 . Aug 1998 . 9671457 . 109033 . 10.1128/mcb.18.8.4471.
- Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, Suwa A, Watanabe F, Teraoka H . High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 can function as DNA-binding regulatory components for DNA-dependent protein kinase in vitro . Journal of Biochemistry . 124 . 3 . 519–27 . Sep 1998 . 9722660 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022143 .
- Aidinis V, Bonaldi T, Beltrame M, Santagata S, Bianchi ME, Spanopoulou E . The RAG1 homeodomain recruits HMG1 and HMG2 to facilitate recombination signal sequence binding and to enhance the intrinsic DNA-bending activity of RAG1-RAG2 . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 19 . 10 . 6532–42 . Oct 1999 . 10490593 . 84623 . 10.1128/mcb.19.10.6532.
- Butteroni C, De Felici M, Schöler HR, Pesce M . Phage display screening reveals an association between germline-specific transcription factor Oct-4 and multiple cellular proteins . Journal of Molecular Biology . 304 . 4 . 529–40 . Dec 2000 . 11099378 . 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4238 .
- Stros M, Ozaki T, Bacikova A, Kageyama H, Nakagawara A . HMGB1 and HMGB2 cell-specifically down-regulate the p53- and p73-dependent sequence-specific transactivation from the human Bax gene promoter . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 277 . 9 . 7157–64 . Mar 2002 . 11748232 . 10.1074/jbc.M110233200 . free .
- Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Lieberman J . HMG2 interacts with the nucleosome assembly protein SET and is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protease granzyme A . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 22 . 8 . 2810–20 . Apr 2002 . 11909973 . 133744 . 10.1128/MCB.22.8.2810-2820.2002 .
- Dubois T, Howell S, Zemlickova E, Aitken A . Identification of casein kinase Ialpha interacting protein partners . FEBS Letters . 517 . 1–3 . 167–71 . Apr 2002 . 12062430 . 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02614-5 . 84792445 . free . 2002FEBSL.517..167D .
- Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Xu Z, Novina CD, Yoshida A, Pommier Y, Lieberman J . Cleaving the oxidative repair protein Ape1 enhances cell death mediated by granzyme A . Nature Immunology . 4 . 2 . 145–53 . Feb 2003 . 12524539 . 10.1038/ni885 . 29433133 .
- Lv X, Xu DD, Liu DP, Li L, Hao DL, Liang CC . High-mobility group protein 2 may be involved in the locus control region regulation of the beta-globin gene cluster . Biochemistry and Cell Biology . 80 . 6 . 765–70 . 2003 . 12555809 . 10.1139/o02-164 .
- Pallier C, Scaffidi P, Chopineau-Proust S, Agresti A, Nordmann P, Bianchi ME, Marechal V . Association of chromatin proteins high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and HMGB2 with mitotic chromosomes . Molecular Biology of the Cell . 14 . 8 . 3414–26 . Aug 2003 . 12925773 . 181577 . 10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0581 .
- Aird KM, Iwasaki O, Kossenkov AV, Tanizawa H, Fatkhutdinov N, Bitler BG, Le L, Alicea G, Yang TL, Johnson FB, Noma K, Zhang R . HMGB2 orchestrates the chromatin landscape of senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene loci . The Journal of Cell Biology. 215. 3. 325–334. Oct 2016 . 27799366. 5100296 . 10.1083/jcb.201608026 . Loss of HMGB2 (High-mobility group protein box 2) during senescence blunts SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) gene expression by allowing for spreading of repressive heterochromatin into SASP gene loci. This correlates with incorporation of SASP gene loci into SAHF (senescence-associated heterochromatin foci), which in turn represses SASP gene expression
Notes and References
- Majumdar A, Brown D, Kerby S, Rudzinski I, Polte T, Randhawa Z, Seidman MM . Sequence of human HMG2 cDNA . Nucleic Acids Research . 19 . 23 . 6643 . Dec 1991 . 1754403 . 329240 . 10.1093/nar/19.23.6643 .
- Web site: Entrez Gene: HMGB2 high-mobility group box 2.
- Murugesapillai D, McCauley MJ, Maher LJ, Williams MC . Single-molecule studies of high-mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins . Biophysical Reviews . 15 November 2016 . 10.1007/s12551-016-0236-4 . 5331113 . 28303166 . 9 . 1 . 17–40.