Uma language explained
Uma |
Nativename: | Pipikoro |
Region: | Sulawesi |
State: | Indonesia |
Speakers: | 20,000 |
Date: | 1990 |
Ref: | e18 |
Familycolor: | Austronesian |
Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
Fam3: | Celebic |
Fam4: | Kaili–Pamona |
Fam5: | Southern |
Iso3: | ppk |
Glotto: | umaa1242 |
Glottorefname: | Uma |
Notice: | IPA |
Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Phonology
Consonants
Consonant inventory | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato- (alveolar) | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal |
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Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | | pronounced as /ink/ | |
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Plosive/ Affricate | | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | | | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ |
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| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | | pronounced as /ink/ | |
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| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | | pronounced as /ink/ | |
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Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | | | | pronounced as /ink/ |
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Trill | | pronounced as /ink/ | | | | |
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Approximant | | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | (pronounced as /ink/) | | | |
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Notes:
- pronounced as //h// acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [{{lang|ppk|hampulu'}}] 'ten'→pronounced as //haᵐpuluʔ// with nasal vowels).
- pronounced as //l// is realized as retroflex pronounced as /[ɭ]/ contiguous to non-front vowels.
- pronounced as //ʔ// is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.
- In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, pronounced as //ⁿtʃ// is pronounced pronounced as //ns//.
- The semivowel pronounced as /[j]/ is rare, found mainly in loan words.
- The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.
Orthographic notes:
- pronounced as //β// is 'w'
- pronounced as //ɲ// is 'ny'
- pronounced as //ŋ// is 'ng'
- pronounced as //j// is 'y'
- pronounced as //dʒ// is 'j'
- pronounced as //tʃ// is 'c'
- pronounced as //ʔ// is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'
Vowels
Pronouns
Pronominals | Free | ABS | ERG | GEN |
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1P (SG) | akuʔ | | -a | | ku- | | -ku | |
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1P (PL.ex) | kaiʔ | | -kai | | ki- | | -kai | |
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1P (PL.in) | kitaʔ | | -ta | | ta- | | -ta | |
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2P (SG) | iko | | -ko | | nu- | | -nu | |
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2P (PL) | koiʔ | | -koi | | ni- | | -ni | |
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3P (SG) | hiʔa | | -i | | na- | | -na | |
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3P (PL) | hiraʔ | | -ra | | ra- | | -ra | |
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Notes:
- ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
- 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
- (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
- [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
- [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
- In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [{{lang|ppk|-nu}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-ni}}] are [{{lang|ppk|-mu}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-mi}}] respectively.
- In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [{{lang|ppk|-kai}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-koi}}] are [{{lang|ppk|-kami}}] and [{{lang|ppk|-komi}}] respectively. The free forms [{{lang|ppk|kaiʔ}}] and [{{lang|ppk|koiʔ}}] are [{{lang|ppk|kamiʔ}}] and [{{lang|ppk|komiʔ}}] respectively.
Numerals
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:
- isaʔ
- dua
- tolu
- opoʔ
- lima
- ono
- pitu
- walu
- sio
- hampuluʔ
Classification of Uma varieties
Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.
- Bana
- Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
- Kantewu (= Central Uma)
- Aria (= Southern Uma)
- Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
- Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
- Winatu (= Northern Uma)
Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma, noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.
- Kantewu (= Central)
- Southern
- Tolee'
- Tobaku
- Winatu
- Tori'untu
Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.
Bibliography
- Book: Martens, Michael . Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4 . 1988a . The Australian National University . 0-85883-3832 . Steinhauer . H. . Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79 . Canberra . 167–237 . en . Notes on Uma Verbs . 10.15144/PL-A79.167 . 1885/145108 . free . free.
- Book: Martens, Martha A. . Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4 . Martens . Michael P. . 1988 . The Australian National University . 0-85883-3832 . Steinhauer . H. . Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79 . Canberra . 279–281 . Some Notes on the Inelegant Glottal: A Problem in Uma Phonology . 10.15144/PL-A79.279 . 1885/145108 . free . free.