List of college football games played outside the United States explained
In the United States, college football has been played since the 1869 season when Princeton and Rutgers played the first game. In the early years of the game, Harvard University and McGill University developed a rivalry that is credited with the establishment of modern American football.[1] [2] [3] The first game played outside the United States occurred on October 23, 1874, when the Crimson defeated McGill 3–0 at Montreal, Quebec.[1] [3] Several other games were played during the early years of the game in Canada until the differences between American and Canadian football became significant enough that Canadian and American universities ceased playing one-another.[3] In addition to the early Canadian games, several teams competed in the Bacardi Bowl at Havana, Cuba until it was discontinued after the 1946 edition of the game.[4]
Although not common, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules allow for member institutions to compete in regular season games scheduled in foreign countries no more than once every four years.[5] The first of these games occurred in 1976 when Grambling State defeated Morgan State in the Pioneer Bowl at Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo.[6] After that initial game, a regular season game called the Mirage Bowl (later called the Coca-Cola Classic) was played in Tokyo from 1977 to 1993.[7] Since 1977, regular season games have also been played in Australia, Bermuda, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom.[7]
In April 2006, the NCAA announced Toronto was awarded a postseason bowl game to be played at Rogers Centre.[8] The International Bowl was the first bowl game played outside the United States since the Bacardi Bowl in 1937.[4] However, the game was discontinued after its 2010 edition.[9] Two international games were played as part of the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Penn State and UCF played their season opener in the Croke Park Classic at Dublin, and the Bahamas Bowl had its inaugural edition at Thomas Robinson Stadium in Nassau in December 2014 and its second edition on December 24, 2015.[10] [11] The Bahamas Bowl has continued as part of the bowl schedule ever since. Two regular-season games were scheduled for 2016: the first game of the season, with California and Hawaiʻi playing at ANZ Stadium in Sydney, and a return to Dublin's Aviva Stadium, this time with Boston College playing Georgia Tech.
In addition to those played, several international games have been proposed from time-to-time that were never actually played. In 1989, USC and Illinois were scheduled to open their season in the Glasnost Bowl at Dynamo Stadium in Moscow.[12] However, the game was canceled and moved to the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum due to the logistics of undertaking a college football game in the Soviet Union.[12] In 1996, the Haka Bowl was scheduled for play at Auckland, New Zealand, but its certification was subsequently revoked by the NCAA due to financing concerns.[13] In 2013, bowl games were proposed for both Dublin, Ireland and Dubai, United Arab Emirates, but neither was certified by the NCAA for play.[14] In both 2020 and 2021, the Emerald Isle Classic played at Dublin, Ireland was canceled due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.[15] [16] The Ireland event returned for 2022, with a new sponsored name of Aer Lingus College Football Classic.
Games
Division I
Date! scope="col" Season | Score | Winning team | Winning conference | Losing team | Losing conference | Stadium | City | Country | Attendance[17] | Notes/References |
---|
| 1874 | 3–0 | Harvard | Independent | McGill | Independent | Montreal Cricket Grounds | Montreal | Canada | 2,000 | [18] |
| 1875 | 1–0 | Harvard | Independent | Montreal FBC | Independent | Montreal Cricket Grounds | Montreal | Canada | | [19] |
| 1876 | 1–0 | Harvard | Independent | McGill | Independent | Montreal Cricket Grounds | Montreal | Canada | | |
| 1877 | 1–0 | Harvard | Independent | McGill | Independent | Montreal Cricket Grounds | Montreal | Canada | | |
| 1879 | 1–0 | Harvard | Independent | Britannias FBC | Independent | | Montreal | Canada | | [20] |
| 1879 | 0–0 | Harvard | Independent | McGill | Independent | Montreal Cricket Grounds | Montreal | Canada | | |
| 1880 | 2–1 | Harvard | Independent | Ottawa FBC | Independent | | Ottawa | Canada | | [21] |
| 1880 | 0–0 | Harvard | Independent | Montreal FBC | Independent | Montreal Cricket Grounds | Montreal | Canada | | |
| 1880 | 13–6 | Michigan | Independent | Toronto | Independent | Toronto Lacrosse Club | Toronto | Canada | | [22] |
| 1881 | 0–0 | Harvard | Independent | Britannias FBC | Independent | | Montreal | Canada | | |
| 1885 | 8–2 | Michigan | Independent | Windsor | Independent | | Windsor | Canada | | Was played under Canadian rules[23] |
| 1898 | 10–5 | Vermont | Independent | Ogdensburg A.A. | Independent | M.A.A.C. Grounds | Montreal | Canada | | [24] |
| 1907 | 56–0 | LSU | SIAA | Havana | Independent | Almandares Park | Havana | Cuba | 10,000 | Was played as the Bacardi Bowl |
| 1909 | 11–0 | Cuban Athletic Club | Independent | Tulane | Independent | Almandares Park | Havana | Cuba | | Was played as the Bacardi Bowl[25] |
| 1911 | 12–0 | Mississippi A&M | SIAA | Cuban Athletic Club | Independent | Almandares Park | Havana | Cuba | | Was played as the Bacardi Bowl |
| 1912 | 49–1 | Carlisle | Independent | Toronto | None | | Toronto | Canada | | Was played as exhibition with the first half played under American and the second half under Canadian rules[26] |
| 1912 | 12–0 | Assumption | Independent | Michigan State Normal | Independent | | Windsor | Canada | | [27] |
| 1912 | 28–0 | Florida | SIAA | Vedado Tennis Club | Independent | Almandares Park | Havana | Cuba | 1,500 | Was played as the Bacardi Bowl[28] |
| 1915 | 33–0 | Michigan State Normal | Independent | Assumption | Independent | | Windsor | Canada | | |
| 1917 | 28–0 | Michigan State Normal | Independent | Assumption | Independent | | Windsor | Canada | | |
| 1920 | 27–13 | Michigan State Normal | MIAA | Assumption | Independent | | Windsor | Canada | | |
| 1921 | 13–0 | Syracuse | Independent | McGill | Independent | Percival Molson Memorial Stadium | Montreal | Canada | | [29] |
| 1921 | 14–0 | Cuban Athletic Club | Independent | Ole Miss | SIAA | Almandares Park | Havana | Cuba | | Was played as the Bacardi Bowl |
| 1922 | 13–0 | Michigan State Normal | MIAA | Assumption | Independent | | Windsor | Canada | | |
| 1927 | 26–7 | Michigan State Normal | MCC | Assumption | Independent | | Windsor | Canada | | |
| 1927 | 20–6 | Howard (AL) | SIAA | Universidad Nacional | Independent | Vedado Tennis Club | Havana | Cuba | | [30] [31] |
| 1929 | 28–0 | Mississippi College | SIAA | UNAM | Independent | Estadio Val Buena | Mexico City | Mexico | 75,000 | [32] |
| 1936 | 7–7 | Auburn | SEC | Villanova | Independent | La Tropical Stadium | Havana | Cuba | | Was played as the Bacardi Bowl[33] |
| 1944 | 7–6 | Idaho Southern Branch | Independent | Edmonton AAB | Independent | Clarke Stadium | Edmonton | Canada | 5,500 | Was played as exhibition against a squad of U.S. military servicemen called the Alaska Clippers[34] [35] |
| 1945 | 27–0 | Winnipeg Blue Bombers | CFL | North Dakota State | NCC | Osborne Stadium | Winnipeg | Canada | | [36] |
| 1946 | 12–0 | Nevada | Independent | Edmonton AAB | Independent | Clarke Stadium | Edmonton | Canada | 1,500 | Was played as exhibition against a squad of U.S. military servicemen called the Alaska Clippers[37] |
| 1946 | 55–0 | Mississippi Southern | Independent | Havana | Independent | La Tropical Stadium | Havana | Cuba | | Was played as the Bacardi Bowl |
| 1948 | 28–6 | North Dakota State | NCC | | Independent | | Winnipeg | Canada | | [38] |
| 1954 | 31–26 | Tampa | Independent | National Polytechnic Institute | Independent | Estadio Olímpico Universitario | Mexico City | Mexico | 18,000 | [39] |
| 1954 | 19–6 | | Independent | Notre Dame (Canada) | Independent | Taylor Field | Regina | Canada | 4,000 | Was the first night game played at Taylor Field and was played under American rules[40] |
| 1961 | 60–8 | McNeese State | Gulf States Conference | National Polytechnic Institute | Independent | Estadio Olímpico Universitario | Mexico City | Mexico | 30,000 | [41] |
| 1969 | 49–6 | Trinity (TX) | Southland Conference | | Independent | Estadio Olímpico Universitario | Mexico City | Mexico | | [42] |
| 1976 | 17–8 | | Lone Star Conference | | | Olympiastadion | West Berlin | West Germany | 9,000 | Was the first college football game in Europe[43] [44] [45] |
| 1976 | 21–7 | | Lone Star Conference | | | Prater Stadium | Vienna | Austria | 18,000 | [46] |
| 1976 | 20–6 | | Lone Star Conference | | | | Mannheim | West Germany | | "mostly U.S. military personnel in the stands"[47] [48] |
| 1976 | 17–5 | | Lone Star Conference | | | | Nuremberg | West Germany | | "mostly U.S. military personnel in the stands"[49] |
| 1976 | 21–13 | | Lone Star Conference | | | Stade Colombes | Paris | France | 25,000 | [50] |
| 1976 | 42–16 | Grambling State | SWAC | Morgan State | MEAC | Korakuen Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 50,000 | Was played as the Pioneer Bowl [51] |
| 1977 | 35–32 | Grambling State | SWAC | Temple | Independent | Korakuen Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 50,000 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl[52] |
| 1978 | 10–0 | Utah State | PCAA | | RMAC | Hankyu Nishinomiya Stadium | Nishinomiya | Japan | 15,000 | Was the first college football season-opener played in Japan[53] |
| 1978 | 28–24 | BYU | WAC | UNLV | Independent | Yokohama Stadium | Yokohama | Japan | 27,500 | Was played as the Yokohama Bowl[54] [55] |
| 1978 | 28–24 | Temple | Independent | Boston College | Independent | Korakuen Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 55,000 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl |
| 1979 | 40–15 | Notre Dame | Independent | Miami (FL) | Independent | Korakuen Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 62,574 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl |
| 1980 | 34–3 | UCLA | Pac-10 | Oregon State | Pac-10 | National Olympic Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 86,000 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl[56] |
| 1981 | 21–16 | Air Force | WAC | San Diego State | WAC | National Olympic Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 80,000 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl |
| 1982 | 21–17 | Clemson | ACC | Wake Forest | ACC | National Olympic Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 64,700 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl[57] |
| 1983 | 34–12 | SMU | Southwest | Houston | Southwest Conference | National Olympic Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 70,000 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl[58] |
| 1984 | 45–31 | Army | Independent | Montana | Big Sky | National Olympic Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 60,000 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl[59] |
| 1985 | 20–6 | USC | Pac-10 | Oregon | Pac-10 | National Olympic Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 65,000 | Was played as the Mirage Bowl[60] |
| 1985 | 24–21 | Wyoming | WAC | UTEP | WAC | VFL Park | Melbourne | Australia | 19,107 | Was played as the Australia Bowl[61] |
| 1986 | 29–24 | Stanford | Pac-10 | Arizona | Pac-10 | National Olympic Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 55,000 | Was played as the Coca-Cola Classic[62] |
| 1987 | 17–17 | California | Pac-10 | Washington State | Pac-10 | National Olympic Stadium | Tokyo | Japan | 45,000 | Was played as the Coca-Cola Classic[63] |
| 1987 | 30–26 | BYU | WAC | Colorado State | WAC | Princes Park | Melbourne | Australia | 7,652 | Was played as the Melbourne Bowl[64] |
| 1988 | 20–17 | Richmond | Colonial | Boston University | Yankee | Crystal Palace National Sports Centre | London | United Kingdom | 2,500 | [65] |
| 1988 | 38–24 | Boston College | Independent | Army | Independent | Lansdowne Road | Dublin | Ireland | 42,525 | Was played as the Emerald Isle Classic and was also the first major college football game played in Europe[66] |
| 1988 | 45–42 | Oklahoma State | Big Eight | Texas Tech | Southwest | Tokyo Dome | Tokyo | Japan | 56,000 | Was played as the Coca-Cola Classic[67] |
| 1989 | 28–25 | Villanova | Yankee | Rhode Island | Yankee | Arena Civica | Milan | Italy | 5,000 | Was played as the Milano Kickoff Classic and was the first college football game played in Italy[68] [69] |
| 1989 | 46–29 | Pittsburgh | Independent | Rutgers | Independent | Lansdowne Road | Dublin | Ireland | 19,800 | Was played as the Emerald Isle Classic[70] |
| 1989 | 24–13 | Syracuse | Independent | Louisville | Independent | Tokyo Dome | Tokyo | Japan | 50,000 | Was played as the Coca-Cola Classic |
| 1990 | 62–45 | Houston | Southwest | Arizona State | Pac-10 | Tokyo Dome | Tokyo | Japan | 50,000 | Was played as the Coca-Cola Classic |
| 1991 | 20–7 | | | | | Workers' Stadium | Beijing | China | 25,000 | [71] |
| 1991 | 24–19 | Holy Cross | Patriot | Fordham | Patriot | Gaelic Grounds | Limerick | Ireland | 17,411 | Was played as the Wild Geese Classic and was the first non-Gaelic game played at Limerick[72] |
| 1991 | 33–21 | Clemson | ACC | Duke | ACC | Tokyo Dome | Tokyo | Japan | 50,000 | Was played as the Coca-Cola Classic |
| 1992 | 7–7 | | OAC | | OAC | Stadion am Bieberer Berg | Offenbach am Main | Germany | 4,351 | Was played as the Rhine River Cup, and was the first college football game played in reunified Germany[73] [74] |
| 1992 | 7–6 | | NESCAC | | NESCAC | Pearse Stadium | Galway | Ireland | 2,500 | Was played as the Christopher Columbus Classic[75] |
| 1992 | 38–24 | Nebraska | Big Eight | Kansas State | Big Eight | Tokyo Dome | Tokyo | Japan | 50,000 | Was played as the Coca-Cola Classic |
| 1993 | 17–14 | | MAAC | | ODAC | Bermuda National Stadium | Hamilton | Bermuda | 3,218 | Was played as the Bermuda Bowl[76] |
| 1993 | 41–20 | Wisconsin | Big Ten | Michigan State | Big Ten | Tokyo Dome | Tokyo | Japan | 51,500 | Was played as the Coca-Cola Classic |
| 1994 | 28–14 | | Independent | | SCAC | Bermuda National Stadium | Hamilton | Bermuda | 2,000 | Was played as the Bermuda Bowl[77] |
| 1995 | 17–10 | Fordham | Patriot | Holy Cross | Patriot | Bermuda National Stadium | Hamilton | Bermuda | 2,436 | Was played as the Bermuda Bowl |
| 1996 | 54–27 | Notre Dame | Independent | Navy | Independent | Croke Park | Dublin | Ireland | 38,651 | Was played as the Shamrock Classic[78] |
| 2006 | 27–24 | Cincinnati | Big East | Western Michigan | MAC | Rogers Centre | Toronto | Canada | 26,717 | Was played as the 2007 International Bowl[79] |
| 2007 | 52–30 | Rutgers | Big East | Ball State | MAC | Rogers Centre | Toronto | Canada | 31,455 | Was played as the 2008 International Bowl |
| 2008 | 38–20 | Connecticut | Big East | Buffalo | MAC | Rogers Centre | Toronto | Canada | 40,184 | Was played as the 2009 International Bowl |
| 2009 | 27–3 | South Florida | Big East | Northern Illinois | MAC | Rogers Centre | Toronto | Canada | 22,185 | Was played as the 2010 International Bowl |
| 2010 | 17–7 | Drake | Pioneer | CONADEIP Stars | ONEFA | Sheikh Amri Abeid Memorial Stadium | Arusha | Tanzania | 11,781 | Was played as the 2011 Kilimanjaro Bowl and was the first time an American football team played in Africa[80] |
| 2012 | 40–3 | | OAC | St. Norbert | Midwest | Donnybrook Stadium | Dublin | Ireland | | [81] |
| 2012 | 50–10 | Notre Dame | Independent | Navy | Independent | Aviva Stadium | Dublin | Ireland | 48,820 | Was played as the Emerald Isle Classic.[82] |
| 2014 | 30–16 | Texas Southern | SAC | Central State | SIAC | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 7,802 | Was played as the HBCUX Classic |
| 2014 | 26–24 | Penn State | Big Ten | UCF | The American | Croke Park | Dublin | Ireland | 55,000 | Was played as the Croke Park Classic.[83] |
| 2014 | 49–48 | Western Kentucky | C-USA | Central Michigan | MAC | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 13,667 | Was played as the 2014 Bahamas Bowl[84] |
| 2015 | 36–7 | Princeton | Ivy | Kwansei Gakuin | KCAFL | KINCHO Stadium | Osaka | Japan | N/A | Was played as the Legacy Bowl, a memorial exhibition game celebrating the 125th anniversary of Kwansei Gakuin University's founding.[85] |
| 2015 | 45–31 | Western Michigan | MAC | Middle Tennessee | C-USA | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 13,123 | Was played as the 2015 Bahamas Bowl[86] |
| 2016 | 51–31 | California | Pac-12 | Hawaiʻi | Mountain West | ANZ Stadium | Sydney | Australia | 61,247 | Played as the Sydney College Football Cup.[87] [88] |
| 2016 | 17–14 | Georgia Tech | ACC | Boston College | ACC | Aviva Stadium | Dublin | Ireland | 40,562 | Played as the Aer Lingus College Football Classic.[89] |
| 2016 | 24–20 | Old Dominion | C-USA | Eastern Michigan | MAC | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 13,422 | Played as the 2016 Bahamas Bowl.[90] |
| 2017 | 62–7 | | Stanford | Pac-12 | Rice | C-USA | Allianz Stadium | Sydney | Australia | 33,181 | Played as the Sydney College Football Cup[91] [92] |
| 2017 | 41–6 | Ohio | MAC | UAB | C-USA | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 13,585 | Played as the 2017 Bahamas Bowl.[93] |
| 2018 | 35–32 | FIU | C-USA | Toledo | MAC | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 13,510 | Played as the 2018 Bahamas Bowl.[94] |
| 2019 | 85–0 | Penn | Ivy | China All Stars | None | Shanghai Lixin University of Commerce Stadium | Shanghai | China | 3,200 | Played as Penn-China Global Ambassadors Bowl.[95] |
| 2019 | 31–9 | Buffalo | MAC | Charlotte | C-USA | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 13,547 | Played as the 2019 Bahamas Bowl.[96] |
| 2021 | 31–24 | Middle Tennessee | C-USA | Toledo | MAC | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 13,596 | Played as the 2021 Bahamas Bowl.[97] |
| 2022 | 31–28 | Northwestern | Big Ten | Nebraska | Big Ten | Aviva Stadium | Dublin | Ireland | 42,699 | Played as the Aer Lingus College Football Classic.[98] |
| 2022 | 24–20 | UAB | C-USA | Miami (OH) | MAC | Thomas Robinson Stadium | Nassau | Bahamas | 12,172 | Played as the 2022 Bahamas Bowl.[99] | |
See also
References
- General
- Web site: Bowl/All-Star Game Records . National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) . 2017 NCAA Division I Football Records . NCAA.org . November 4, 2018 .
- Specific
Notes and References
- News: Dan . McLean . Montreal Cup float recalls how McGill started grid mania . 16 . The Gazette . November 27, 1970 . October 24, 2013.
- News: D.A.L. . MacDonald . McGill and Harvard have been rivals for 59 years . 13 . The Gazette . December 22, 1933 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Early football . 4 . The Evening News . November 13, 1915 . October 24, 2013.
- News: International Bowl results . CBSSports.com . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: 17.9.5.1.1 In season foreign competition . 240–241 . National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) . 2009–10 NCAA Division I Manual . NCAA.org . October 24, 2013 .
- News: Associated Press . Grambling is winner . 11 . Youngstown Vindicator . September 25, 1976 . October 24, 2013.
- Bowl/All-Star Game Records, pp. 178–179
- News: Associated Press . Birmingham among 31 approved by NCAA for 2006 . D6 . The Gadsden Times . April 28, 2006 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . International Bowl canceled . ESPN.com . March 25, 2010 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Josh . Moyer . Penn St.–UCF set for Ireland opener . ESPN.com . July 24, 2013 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . College football is Bahamas bound for bowl game . USA Today . USAToday.com . October 14, 2013 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Glasnost Bowl is nyet for Moscow . Orlando Sentinel . OrlandoSentinel.com . June 9, 1989 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Jake . Curtis . NCAA pulls the plug on Haka Bowl . San Francisco Chronicle . SFGate.com . October 17, 1996 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Brett . McMurphy . 'Group of Five' look to add bowls . ESPN.com . June 12, 2013 . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: Dinich . Heather . Notre Dame-Navy football game moving from Ireland to Maryland . ESPN.com . September 10, 2021 . June 2, 2020.
- News: Ryan . Shannon . Illinois' 2021 football opener vs. Nebraska is moved from Ireland to Champaign . September 10, 2021 . The Chicago Tribune . February 17, 2021.
- Bowl/All-Star Game Records, pp. 32–38
- Web site: DeLassus . David . Harvard vs McGill (Canada) . College Football Data Warehouse . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: DeLassus . David . Harvard vs Montreal FBC (Canada) . College Football Data Warehouse . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: DeLassus . David . Harvard vs Britannias FBC (Canada) . College Football Data Warehouse . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: DeLassus . David . Harvard vs Ottawa FBC (Canada) . College Football Data Warehouse . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: DeLassus . David . Michigan vs Toronto (Canada) . College Football Data Warehouse . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: A Victory . 53–54 . The Michigan Argonaut, Volumes 3–4 . October 24, 2013 . 1885.
- News: Victorious, Vermont defeats Ogdensburg at foot ball by a score of 10 to 5. The Burlington Free Press & Times. November 7, 1898. September 6, 2021. Newspapers.com.
- News: Cubans win at football. The Washington Post. January 2, 1910. November 4, 2018. 1. Newspapers.com.
- News: Thorpe shows the Canadians some football . 10 . The Pittsburgh The Gazette Times . October 29, 1912 . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: DeLassus . David . Eastern Michigan vs Assumption College (Canada) . College Football Data Warehouse . October 24, 2013.
- News: Florida beat Cuban football team at Havana on Christmas. The Tampa Times. December 28, 1912. November 4, 2018. 9. Newspapers.com.
- News: Syracuse plays Montreal . 6 . The Lewiston Daily Sun . November 5, 1921 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Havana is seeking players for game. The Birmingham News. November 27, 1927. March 28, 2022. Newspapers.com.
- News: Howard beats Havana eleven by 20-to-6 score. The Birmingham News. November 29, 1927. March 28, 2022. Newspapers.com.
- News: Choctaws win 28–0 before 75,000 in Mexico City. The Clarion-Ledger. November 21, 1929. August 28, 2021. Newspapers.com.
- Bowl/All-Star Game Records, p. 12
- News: Idaho wins 7–6 over Clippers . 12 . The Calgary Herald . October 30, 1944 . October 24, 2013.
- Web site: DeLassus . David . Idaho State vs Edmonton AAB (Canada) . College Football Data Warehouse . October 24, 2013.
- News: Bison beaten by Canadian eleven. Minneapolis Sunday Tribune. October 6, 1945. October 9, 2021. Newspapers.com.
- News: Clippers bow to Nevada club on Edmonton grid . 10 . The Calgary Herald . November 7, 1946 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Bisons still seeking victory number one. The Winnipeg Tribune. October 25, 1948. October 9, 2021. Newspapers.com.
- News: Tampa whips Mexico City 31 to 26. The Tampa Tribune. September 20, 1954. September 9, 2021. Newspapers.com.
- News: Fedoruk . Ernie . Holcomb sparks ENMU to 19–6 grid victory . 21 . The Leader-Post . October 2, 1954 . October 24, 2013.
- News: McNeese tramples out 60–8 shellacking over Mexico Tech. Lake Charles American-Press. October 22, 1961. February 27, 2023. Newspapers.com.
- News: Trinity romps in finale, 49–6. San Antonio Express and News. November 30, 1969. February 24, 2024. Newspapers.com.
- News: Javalinas History . javelinaathletics.com . August 1, 2015.
- News: Unbeaten in Europe . 16 . The Victoria Advocaten . June 13, 1976 . August 1, 2015.
- Web site: 1976: Die dritte Chance . Schlüter . de . football-aktuell.de . 16 February 2021 . 2022-10-23.
- News: Two U.S. football teams play game in Austria . The Tuscaloosa News. June 6, 1976 . August 1, 2015.
- Web site: Homecoming Reunion Rekindles Memories Of 1976 European Tour . javelinaathletics.com . October 20, 2006.
- News: Unbeaten in Europe . The Victoria Advocate . June 13, 1976 . August 1, 2015.
- News: Javs impressed with trip . newspapers.com . The Brownsville Herald . June 24, 1976 . August 26, 2015.
- News: Demi-Tough . Texas Monthly . December 1976 . August 1, 2015.
- News: Coaches see football in Japan . 16 . The Baltimore Afro-American . October 5, 1976 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Williams, Grambling pull out a thriller at Tokyo . 11C . St. Petersburg Times . December 12, 1977 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Aggies off to 1–0 start . 2B . Deseret News . September 4, 1978 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Brigham Young 28, Las Vegas 24 . 3C . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . December 3, 1978 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Jeff . Call . BYU football: Scheduling international games intrigues athletic director Tom Holmoe . Deseret News . June 22, 2013 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Richard . Hoffer . 40,000 dutiful fans stayed and cheered for the Beavers . B1 . Eugene Register-Guard . December 1, 1980 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Clemson escapes Tokyo with ACC title . B1 . The Spartanburg Herald-Journal . November 28, 1982 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Mustangs trample Cougars . 5B . The News and Courier . November 28, 1983 . October 24, 2013.
- News: David . Lammers . Army rips Montana in Mirage Bowl matchup . 12 . Spokane Chronicle . November 17, 1984 . October 24, 2013.
- News: John . Conrad . One crucial Duck loss quickly led to another . C1 . Eugene Register-Guard . December 1, 1985 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Aussie Bowl lacks crowd . 26 . The Hour . November 9, 1985 . October 24, 2013.
- News: UPI . Arizona upset in Tokyo . 8 . The Mohave Daily Miner . December 1, 1986 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Wash. State, Calif. tie in Tokyo, 17–17 . 15 . The Vindicator . November 30, 1987 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press News . BYU 30, Colorado St. 26 . AP News Archive . December 5, 1987 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Spiders, Hokies top weekend foes . 15 . The Free Lance-Star . October 17, 1988 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Steve . Lohr . Dubliners Cheer as B.C. Wins . The New York Times . November 20, 1988 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Heisman winner eclipses rushing record . B3 . The Gadsden Times . December 5, 1988 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Villanova Wins in Italy . The New York Times . October 29, 1989 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Yankee Conference teams clash in Italy . 18 . Times-News . October 28, 1989 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Chuck . Finder . Pitt logs Ireland win among 1989 travels . 24 . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . December 4, 1989 . October 24, 2013.
- News: David R. . Schweisberg . Americans-bring-football-and-midfield-prayer-to-China . upi.com . UPI . May 31, 1991 . March 26, 2018.
- News: James F. . Clarity . Old Sod Or New, Crusaders Just Win . The New York Times . November 17, 1991 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Ray . Swanson . Heidelberg, Otterbein heading for Germany . C1 . The Vindicator . March 5, 1992 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Heidelberg, Otterbein deadlock . C1 . Times-Sentinel . September 20, 1992 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Polar Bear gridders nip Jumbos . 13 . Bangor Daily News . November 30, 1992 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Hoyas rally for last-minute win in Bermuda . Newsbank . The Washington Times . November 21, 1993 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Bermuda Bowl II . NCAA.org . The NCAA News . December 14, 1994 . October 24, 2013 .
- News: Ian . Thomsen . A Victorious 'Homecoming' for the Irish . The New York Times . November 4, 1996 . October 24, 2013.
- Bowl/All-Star Game Records, p. 13
- News: Richard . Lapchick . A life-altering football game for Drake . ESPN.com . May 30, 2011 . October 24, 2013.
- News: John Carroll, Notre Dame College football teams open season with victories . Cleveland.com . Cleveland Plain Dealer . September 1, 2012 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Notre Dame overcomes suspensions, rolls past Navy in opener . ESPN.com . September 1, 2012 . October 24, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . Penn State stuns UCF, wins opener on Sam Ficken's game-winning FG . ESPN.com . August 30, 2014 . August 30, 2014.
- Web site: Western Kentucky holds off Central Michigan's 34-point rally. ESPN.com . December 24, 2014 . December 24, 2014.
- Web site: Legacy Bowl 2015. Kwansei Gakuin University Athletics. May 3, 2016.
- Web site: Western Michigan earns first bowl victory, beating Middle Tennessee . ESPN.com . December 24, 2015 . April 21, 2016.
- Cal To Open 2016 Season In Australia . . November 28, 2015 . May 6, 2016.
- News: Davis Webb soars in debut as Cal whips Hawaii in Sydney . ESPN.com . August 27, 2016 . August 27, 2016.
- News: Boston College, Georgia Tech to open 2016 season in Ireland . Brett . McMurphy . Andrea . Adelson . ESPN.com . June 4, 2015 . May 6, 2016.
- News: Old Dominion's first bowl victory something to savor . Jesse . Temple . ESPN.com . December 23, 2016 . September 4, 2017.
- Web site: Allianz Stadium to host 2017 US College Football Sydney Cup. Sydney Cricket Ground. 12 August 2017. 31 January 2017.
- Web site: Stanford routs Rice 62–7 in game in Sydney . SFGate . 28 August 2017 . 26 August 2017.
- News: Ohio beats UAB 41–6 in Bahamas Bowl . Associated Press . ESPN.com . December 22, 2017 . February 10, 2018.
- News: Anthony Jones rushes for 3 scores, FIU beats Toledo 35–32 . Associated Press . ESPN.com . December 21, 2018 . February 24, 2019.
- News: Serbin . Bianca . Penn football spreads football across the globe on spring break trip to China . September 10, 2021 . The Daily Pennsylvanian . March 12, 2019.
- Web site: Buffalo tops Charlotte 31–9 in Bahamas Bowl . ESPN.com . Associated Press . September 10, 2021 . December 20, 2019.
- News: Middle Tennessee tops Toledo in Bahamas to begin bowl season . Associated Press . ESPN.com . December 17, 2017 . January 25, 2022.
- News: Northwestern rallies past Nebraska 31-28 in opener in Dublin . Associated Press . ESPN.com . August 27, 2022 . August 27, 2022.
- News: UAB holds off Miami (Ohio) in Bahamas Bowl as college football bowl season kicks off . Associated Press . USA Today . December 17, 2022 . January 5, 2023.