List of meat substitutes explained
This is a list of meat substitutes. A meat substitute, also called a meat analogue, approximates certain aesthetic qualities (primarily texture, flavor and appearance) or chemical characteristics of a specific meat. Substitutes are often based on soybeans (such as tofu and tempeh), gluten, or peas.[1] Whole legumes are often used as a protein source in vegetarian dishes, but are not listed here.
General
- Vegetarian bacon – sometimes made from tempeh.
- Vegetarian sausage
- Vegetarian burger
- Vegan chicken nuggets – made from pea protein, soy protein, textured vegetable protein, and wheat gluten
- Tofurkey – faux turkey, a meat substitute in the form of a loaf or casserole of vegetarian protein, usually made from tofu (soybean protein) or seitan (wheat protein) with a stuffing made from grains or bread, flavored with a broth and seasoned with herbs and spices
- Cauliflower – coated in flour and baked or fried to imitate chicken wings or steak
- Leaf protein concentrate
- Meat extenders – sometimes but not always soy-based
- Mock duck
- Nut roast
- Seitan – a food made from wheat gluten, with wheat being a grain.
Dairy-based
Fungi-derived
Fruit-based
- Breadfruit – used similarly as jackfruit in savory dishes
- Coconut burger – made from sapal, the coconut pulp by-products of traditional coconut milk extraction in Filipino cuisine
- Eggplant – semitropical/tropical plant with a highly textured flesh[5]
- Grapefruit – during the course of the Special Period economic crisis Cubans prepared steaks made out of breaded and fried grapefruit rind known as "bistec de toronja".[6]
- Jackfruit – a fruit whose flesh has a similar texture to pulled pork when cooked
Legume-based
Soy-based
See also: List of soy-based foods and List of fermented foods.
- Tofu, made from soy/soybeans.
- Textured vegetable protein – a defatted soy flour product that is a by-product of extracting soybean oil.[7] It is often used as a meat analogue or meat extender. It is quick to cook, with a protein content that is comparable to certain meats.[8]
- Ganmodoki – a traditional Japanese tofu based dish similar to veggie burgers
- Tempeh – a traditional Indonesian soy product in a cake form, made from fermented soybeans
Companies and brands
See also: List of vegetarian and vegan companies.
See also
Notes and References
- News: Fake Meats, Finally, Taste Like Chicken. The New York Times. 3 April 2014. 17 November 2018. Strom. Stephanie.
- News: 4 March 2012. St David's Day recipes: Glamorgan sausages. 27 February 2009. Godwin. Nigel. The Daily Telegraph.
- Web site: Meat Fans, You Have To Try These 3 Paneer-Based Versions Of Your Favourite Dishes . NDTV Food . 14 April 2020 . 19 May 2020.
- Web site: Nowak . Rhonda . How to grow edible mushrooms . Mail Tribune . 2 February 2020 . 19 May 2020.
- Web site: On-farm trials of eggplant . AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology . 19 May 2020.
- Web site: Cuba: A Little Hunger and Lot of Poor Eating . . 2 May 2012. 5 February 2021.
- Book: Riaz MN . Soy applications in food . . Boca Raton . 2006 . 155–84 . 0-8493-2981-7 .
- Book: Clark JD, Valentas KJ, Levine L . Food processing operations and scale-up . . New York . 1991 . 134–7 . 0-8247-8279-8 .
- Sastraatmadja . D. D. . etal . 2002 . Production of High-Quality Oncom, a Traditional Indonesian Fermented Food, by the Inoculation with Selected Mold Strains in the Form of Pure Culture and Solid Inoculum . J. Grad. SCH. Agr. Hokkaido Univ. . 70 . 111–127 . 2115/13163 .
- News: Kellogg buys Irvine-maker of Gardenburger frozen foods . . November 12, 2007 . July 27, 2012 . Luna, Nancy . https://web.archive.org/web/20130605142413/http://fastfood.ocregister.com/2007/11/12/kellogg-buys-irvine-maker-of-gardenburger-frozen-foods/ . June 5, 2013 . dead .