List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom explained

This is a list of natural disasters in the United Kingdom.

Colour scheme used in this table:
Geological event
Cold weather event
Hot weather event
High winds event
Wet weather event
Famine
Sickness epidemic
YearDisaster eventNotes; disaster type, people killed, region affected, etc.
Long lasting volcanic winters following the Toba catastrophe have been hypothesised to have killed every human not living in Africa at the time.[1]
Tsunami Caused by the Storegga Slide, struck east Scotland with 70feet wave after undersea landslip off Norway.[2]
535–536 The most severe cooling in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 2,000 years, likely caused crop failures and freezing for the Anglo-Saxons.[3]
10th century Regular heatwaves Extended droughts with regularity: also through the period summers lasted half a year and were often warm or very warm - some notably extreme summers.[4]
1014FloodsAnglo-Saxon Chronicle

"And in this year on St Michael's Eve [28 September], that great sea-flood came widely throughout this country, and ran further inland than it ever did before, and drowned many settlements and a countless number of human beings."[5]

1091 Two deaths, the early London Bridge, 600 houses, many churches (inc. St Mary-le-Bow) demolished.
1235 Famine England; 20,000 die in London alone.[6]
1252–53 Both dry years and excessive heat Considered by some (e.g. Brooks), as the driest pair of consecutive years known in the record. The summer (and possibly the spring in London/south) of 1252 was outstandingly dry/hot, with the ensuing drought ruining crops and many people died from the excessive heat. Spring/summer 1253 was also noted as dry/hot London/south.[7] [8]
1287 Not known by that name, the flood killed hundreds in England. This flood, along with the South England flood of February 1287, contributed to the decline of Dunwich as a major port.
1315–17 Throughout Europe.
1324 10 years of hot summers Drought in summer (London/south). Possibly the start of 10 or so years of warm, often dry summers.[9]
1348–1350s Killed around 50% of the population.
1360s Killed a further 20% of the population.
1485–1551 Sporadic outbreaks kill many thousands.
1540–41 Great heat and drought Dry, in 1538–39. In 1540–41, the River Thames was so low that seawater extended above London Bridge. Reports at the time suggest that there were many deaths due to the 'Ague', and 1540 is described in contemporary chronicles as the 'Big Sun Year'.[10]
1580 Estimated to have been 5.3–5.9 ML. Two deaths in England.
1607 30 January 1607 (possible tsunami). Flooding in the Bristol Channel hit Carmarthenshire, Glamorgan, Monmouthshire, Devon, and Somerset.
1623–24 Famine Said to be the last peace-time famine in England.
1638 Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Devon, four killed and 60 injured.
1665 Bubonic plague killed an estimated 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.
1665 The bubonic plague spread north, but was stalled by the famous quarantine of Eyam.
1665–66Long drought followed by a hot summer Every month from November 1665 to September 1666 was dry. The climatological summer (June, July and August) of 1666 was amongst the top 10 or so of warm summers in the Central English Temperatures (CET) series (began 1659). CET also suggests that July 1666 had a mean value of, and August was . The heat and long drought added to a heightened risk of fire in populated areas. Lack of rain and hot temperatures helped spark the Great Fire of London.[11] As a result, this year saw an end to the Great Plague of London due to extreme heat and fire.
1690s Famine Known as the seven ill years, it occurred throughout Scotland, killing 15% of the population.
1697 Hertfordshire Hailstorm The most severe hailstorm ever documented in the UK, travelling 25 km from Hitchin (Hertfordshire) to Potton (Oxfordshire). At least 1 person was killed. Hailstones as large as bowling balls caused severe damage to homes.[12]
1703 Up to 15,000 deaths, ships lost, mass damage to buildings and trees.
16th – 18th centuries Long-lasting period of lower-than-normal average temperatures.
1709 Extremely cold winter, temperatures as low as on 5 January.
1729 Tornado Bexhill-on-Sea struck by a waterspout that came ashore.
1755 Tsunami Following the Lisbon earthquake, Cornwall was struck by a 10feet wave.
1770 Flooding and storms In August throughout southern England. A flood was thought to have occurred in Lynmouth, Devon in 1769 and the date may have transposed to 1796.[13]
1783 "Laki haze" Sulphurous gas from an eruption in Iceland suffocates more than 10,000 in Britain,[14] followed by about 8,000 deaths in winter.
1816 Caused by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, crops devastated, unknown thousands die.
1831–50 Cholera pandemic Part of the 1829–1851 cholera pandemic, beginning in London, 55,000 die in outbreaks across England and Wales.
1836 Lewes, the only major avalanche recorded in England.[15] [16] [17] [18]
1840s Starvation events. Very few deaths, however 200,000 were said to have emigrated.
1848 100 fishermen and 124 boats lost at sea during a storm in Scotland.
1852 Bilberry Reservoir embankment collapses, causing 81 deaths and a large amount of damage to property.
1859 Royal Charter StormNamed for the Royal Charter the storm, which lasted for two days, sank 133 ships killing 800.
1871 Occurring in the North Sea on 10 February 1871, it killed at least 50 people.
1879 A European windstorm on 28 December 1879 caused the Tay Rail Bridge to collapse, killing between 60 and 75 people.
1881 189 fishermen died during a storm in Scotland.
1881 Around 100 die in one of the most severe blizzards ever to hit the southern parts of the United Kingdom.
1884 Several people killed and 1,200 buildings destroyed in Essex.
1894–95 Winter of 1894–95 in the United KingdomConditions were such that many people died of hypothermia or respiratory conditions.
1911 Heatwave lasted from early July to mid-September. Newspapers ran deaths by heat columns.
1913 1913 United Kingdom tornado outbreakThe 1913 United Kingdom tornado outbreak was a series on tornados on 27 October, particularly in England and Wales. This day was the only known time in British history where two tornados exceed F3 on the Fujita Scale. One tornado in Edwardsville, Merthyr Tydfil resulted in hundreds of injuries and six deaths and is the deadliest-known tornado to occur in the UK. The damage caused was around £100,000.
1918–19 Worldwide influenza pandemic nicknamed The Spanish Flu.
1920 A severe flash flooding event in the Lincolnshire market town of Louth which caused 23 fatalities in 20 minutes.
1928 A disastrous flood of the River Thames in London. 14 drowned and thousands were made homeless.
1931 At 6.1 on the Richter Scale, it was the largest earthquake in British history, but caused only minor damage as it was offshore.
1946–47 Right after WWII, blizzards block roads and cause blackouts, resulting in industrial stagnation. Followed by heavy flooding in March, causing £250–375 million of damage.
1952 34 people were killed, with a further 420 made homeless. Over 100 buildings were destroyed.[19] [20] [21] [22]
1953 307 were killed in the United Kingdom, in the counties of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex.
1955 Heatwave and drought throughout the country.
1962 High winds affected much of the United Kingdom, causing particular devastation in Sheffield, killing nine people.[23]
1962–63 Coldest winter for hundreds of years, temperatures as low as .
1968 Dust from the Sahara desert causes extremely heavy rain and hail, causing widespread damage across Wales and western and northern England.
1968 Flooding causes extensive damage to Southern England.[24]
1968 Hurricane-force winds cause 20 deaths in the Central Belt of Scotland. In Glasgow alone, over 300 houses were destroyed and 70,000 homes were damaged. Electrical power also failed in Glasgow, leaving the whole city in darkness. In total, the storm felled 8,000 hectares of forest across Scotland (1.6 million cubic metres of timber). The storm, which affected Northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland, received little attention from the BBC or the national press.[25]
1976 The gale of 2–5 January resulted in severe wind damage across western and central Europe and coastal flooding around the southern North Sea coasts. At the time, this was the most severe storm over the British Isles.
1974–19761974-1975 had the mildest winter in England and Wales since 1869. However, during the first few days of June 1975, in and around London snow and sleet occurred. During the next week maximum temperatures of were recorded each day across the country.[26] The summer of 1976 experienced five days of temperatures exceeding somewhere in the UK. Between 23 June to 7 July, temperatures in London and other parts of Southern England reached above for 15 consecutive days. The weather was settled and temperatures were above average, with many short and long periods of above 30C heat, between mid June to mid September. In 1976, the country suffered forest fires, grass fires and water shortages. Summer 1976 was followed by an extremely unsettled Autumn.
1978 A storm surge which occurred over 11–12 January caused extensive coastal flooding and considerable damage on the east coast of England between the Humber and Kent. Locally severe flooding occurred in Lincolnshire, The Wash, north Norfolk and Kent. Improvements in flood protection following the devastating flood of 1953 meant that the catastrophic losses seen during that storm were not repeated. The storm caused severe damage to many piers along the east coast of England.
1981 The 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak is regarded as the largest tornado outbreak in European history. 104 confirmed tornadoes touched down across Wales and central, northern and eastern England. 8 injuries were recorded but there were no casualties.
1987 After Michael Fish famously forecast "very windy" weather mainly over France, an unusually strong storm occurred in October 1987, with wind speeds widely over 100mph along England's southern coastline, and which killed 18 people in England. The great storm caused substantial damage over much of Southern England, downing an estimated 15 million trees (including six of the seven eponymous oaks in Sevenoaks).
1990 Winds of up to 100mph kill 47 people and cause £3.37 billion worth of damage, the most costly weather event for insurers in British history.
1990–91Winter of 1990–91Periods of heavy snow and rainstorms lasting from December 1990 to February 1991 throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland and Western Europe. About 42 people died, almost all in the UK and Ireland.
1991-92The most violent winds ever successfully recorded unofficially hit the Northern isles of Scotland, with winds exceeding 200mph (320 km/h), leading to the deaths of 2 people in Unst, Shetland and 1 person in Frei, Norway.
1998 1998 Easter floodsAt the start of Easter 1998 (9–10 April) a stationary band of heavy rain affected the Midlands. This resulted in floods in which five people died and thousands had to be evacuated from their homes. The wettest area, with over 75mm, stretched from Worcestershire towards The Wash and the flooded towns included Evesham, Leamington Spa, Stratford-upon-Avon, Bedford, Northampton and Huntingdon. On Maundy Thursday (9 April), thundery rain in the south of England moved northwards and became slow-moving from East Anglia through the Midlands to north Wales. This band gave some very heavy downpours with hail and thunder. On Good Friday (10th) the band rotated slowly anticlockwise spreading to Lincolnshire and the West Country and continued to rotate, with sleet and heavy bursts of rain in places. There was sleet and snow across the Pennines and north Wales during the evening.[27]
2000 Autumn 2000 Western Europe floodsSevere flooding hit many parts of the UK. Among the worst hit were York, Kent, Sussex, Shrewsbury, Lewes, Uckfield and Maidstone.[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]
2002 200 people immediately evacuated, but the water supply of 140 thousand people was affected.
2003 More than 2,000 people may have died in the UK alone as a result of the hottest summer recorded in Europe since 1540. Temperatures remained above for 10 days, between 3 and 13 August. The highest temperature known and accepted was recorded at Faversham, Kent on 10 August when it reached . The death toll across Europe as a result of the heatwave was eventually estimated at 70,000.[35]
2004 Boscastle and Crackington Haven, two villages in Cornwall, were heavily damaged due to flash floods.
2005 Cyclone GudrunSignificant flooding was seen in Cumbria, which was the hardest hit area in the UK and affected more than 3,000 properties.[36]
2005 30 injuries caused by the tornado, which uprooted trees, destroyed roofs and picked up cars, causing £40 million in damages.
2006 Only one injury, but £10 million of damage caused.
2007 Hurricane-force winds across British Isles, at least 11 people dead.
2007 Killed 13 people. Gloucestershire suffers many road and rail closures, power cuts and evacuations, with 420,000 inhabitants left without drinking water requiring emergency assistance from the army. Other areas heavily affected include Yorkshire, Hull and Worcestershire. The disaster is estimated to have caused £6 billion of damage.
2008 River Wansbeck bursts its banks causing damage to 995 properties costing £40 million. Flooding across the Midlands and North East England associated with a slow moving front of the low pressure system Mattea.[37]
20092009 Buachaille Etive Mòr avalancheOn 24 January 2009, an avalanche on Buachaille Etive Mòr in Glen Coe in the Scottish Highlands killed three climbers and injured another.
2009The 2009 flu pandemic was a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1. First cases confirmed 27 April 2009 in passengers returning from Mexico. 392 people were confirmed to have died in the UK.
2009 Strong winds and heavy rain across the United Kingdom with the worst flooding concentrated in Cumbria. Four people were killed as a direct result of the flooding.[38]
2009 February 2009 Great Britain and Ireland snowfallThere was 55cm (22inches) of snow causing at least four deaths and an estimated £1.3 billion in damages.
2009–10Winter of 2009–10Reported to be the coldest weather since 1987. About 22 people died.
2010–11 The winter of 2010–2011 was a weather event that brought heavy snowfalls, record low temperatures, travel chaos and school disruption to the islands of Britain and Ireland. It included the UK's coldest December since Met Office records began in 1910, with a mean temperature of, breaking the previous record of in December 1981.
2012 A series of low pressure systems steered by the jet stream bring the wettest April in 100 years, and flooding across Britain and Ireland. Continuing through May and leading to the wettest beginning to June in 150 years, with flooding and extreme events occurring periodically throughout Britain and parts of Western Europe. On 9 June, severe flooding began around Aberystwyth, West Wales with people evacuated from two holiday parks. 150 people saved by lifeboats with 4feet-5feetft (-ft) of water. On 28 June, a large low-pressure area moved across Northern Ireland. Its fronts brought heavy rain and large hail to many areas in England. One man died from the storm.
2012–13 2013 Swansea measles epidemicBeginning in November 2012, there were a total of 1,219 cases of measles across Wales. 88 people were hospitalised during the epidemic and one person died.[39]
2013 Torrential rain and winds of up to 100mph hit the south of England and Wales. 600,000 homes were left without power, and five people were killed. In Europe, another six people were killed by the same storm.
2013 2013 British Isles heatwaveAn extra 760 deaths were reported in the UK. In Ireland, the heatwave indirectly caused 30 deaths by drowning.
2013 On 5 December 2013, a large depression that passed eastwards over Scotland brought strong northerly winds along the eastern coast of Britain. This coincided with the spring tide and caused a large tidal surge to affect large swathes of the east coast. Many settlements along the coast were severely flooded, with sea defences breached in many locations.
2013–2014 During the winter of 2013–14, the British Isles were in the path of several winter storms, which culminated in serious coastal damage and widespread persistent flooding. The storms brought the greatest January rainfall in Southern England since at least the year records began in 1910. The season saw persistent flooding on the Somerset Levels with recurrent fluvial flooding in Southern England of the non-tidal Thames, Severn and in Kent, Sussex and Hampshire and the Stour in Dorset. Briefer coastal flooding and wave battering damage took place in exposed parts of Dorset, Devon and Cornwall.
2015 Flooding in Cumbria, Yorkshire, southern Scotland and parts of Ireland.
2017 During the autumn of 2017, Ireland and the United Kingdom were hit by Hurricane Ophelia, which had completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone shortly before its landfall in Ireland and subjected the island to hurricane-force winds. Three people were killed by fallen trees in Ireland and 22,000 people were left without electricity. This also cut off internet for some households across the UK.
2018 Britain and Ireland were struck by a cold wave which began on 22 February and would affect most of Europe. Officially named Anticyclone Hartmut, the cold wave brought unusually low temperatures and heavy snowfall to the UK and would later combine with Storm Emma which would make landfall over South West England and Southern Ireland on 2 March. The lowest temperature recorded was -14.7 degrees Celsius in Cairn Gorm. The cold spell was nicknamed the Beast from the East. 17 people in total died from this cold wave, with 95 casualties across Europe. This spell of cold weather cost £1.2 billion in damages.
2018 2018 British Isles heatwaveSummer 2018 was the fifth hottest in the CET records back to 1659, with the period May–July being the hottest such period on record.[40] During this period there was very little rainfall, with particularly low totals in North West England and South East England. Some places had more than 54 consecutive days without rainfall.[41] This led to the 2018 United Kingdom wildfires. The dry weather continued into the autumn, with most places seeing less than 90% of average rainfall between September and November.[42] By November 2018, Northern England, the Northern Midlands, Eastern England and some parts of East Anglia were still ranked as 'severely dry'.[43]
2018 From June 2018, many destructive wildfires struck the United Kingdom, with the most prolonged and severe of these being in England, with some fires burning for over a month.[44]
2019–20 Flooding in much of England in November. 2019 was the wettest year on record across parts of the Midlands, Central and Northern England.[45] Storm Ciara and Storm Dennis caused more flooding in February.
2020– COVID-19 pandemic in the United KingdomOutbreak of SARS-CoV-2, originating in China, has caused over 188 million cases and more than 4 million deaths globally as of July 2021.[46] The United Kingdom recorded more than 22 million cases and 178,064 COVID-19 deaths as of May 2022.[47]
20212021 European floodsHeavy rainfall on 12 July resulted in more than the average monthly rainfall total to be recorded in a 24-hour period across parts of the country, with London Fire Brigade saying that they received over 1000 calls relating to flooding and Thames Water saying that they received more than 2500 calls as sewers filled up and flooded.[48] Flooding also occurred in Southampton.[49] By 14 July, the low pressure system moved over mainland Europe.
2022Three deaths, many injuries, as many as 1.4 million homes without power, widespread destruction and over £360 million in damage.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Boissoneault. Lorraine. 25 February 2020. Toba Catastrophe questions after discovery of tools found in India. https://web.archive.org/web/20200226200254/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/did-early-humans-in-india-survive-a-supervolcano/. dead. 26 February 2020. 13 February 2021. National Geographic.
  2. Web site: Ruggeri. Amanda. 29 March 2016. Storegga Slide impact on Scotland. 13 February 2021. BBC Earth.
  3. Web site: Gibbons. Ann. 15 November 2018. Why 536 was the worst year to be alive. 13 February 2021. Science Magazine.
  4. Web site: 751_999. https://web.archive.org/web/20170127142441/http://booty.org.uk/booty.weather/climate/751_999.htm. dead. 2017-01-27. booty.org.uk.
  5. Book: Michael. Swanton. Michael Swanton . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. 145 . Phoenix. London, UK . 2000. revised paperback. 978-1-84212-003-3.
  6. News: Poor studies will always be with us . The Daily Telegraph . London . James . Bartholomew . 8 August 2004 . 8 May 2010.
  7. Web site: 1200_1299. booty.org.uk. 9 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140325235004/http://booty.org.uk/booty.weather/climate/1200_1299.htm. 25 March 2014. dead.
  8. Web site: Bonenfant . Pascal . British Weather from 1700 to 1849 . www.pascalbonenfant.com . Pascal Bonenfant . 6 September 2023.
  9. Web site: 1300_1399. booty.org.uk. 9 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140326042326/http://booty.org.uk/booty.weather/climate/1300_1399.htm. 26 March 2014. dead.
  10. Web site: 1500_1599. booty.org.uk. 9 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140326054338/http://booty.org.uk/booty.weather/climate/1500_1599.htm. 26 March 2014. dead.
  11. Web site: 1650_1699. booty.org.uk. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140325222440/http://booty.org.uk/booty.weather/climate/1650_1699.htm. 25 March 2014.
  12. Web site: TORRO Research ~ Hail ~ Extremes . 2023-01-15 . www.torro.org.uk.
  13. 10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06504.x . 56 . 10 . Great storms and floods over southern England, August 1770 . 2001 . Weather . 327–337 . Clark . C.. 2001Wthr...56..327C . 119787871 .
  14. News: Volcano 'drove up UK death toll'. 25 May 2004. news.bbc.co.uk.
  15. Web site: Avalanche anniversary in Lewes pub . 18 May 2009 . The Argus . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083407/http://archive.theargus.co.uk/2006/12/27/223771.html . 29 September 2007 .
  16. Web site: Radicals and Rebels - Stage 3. BBC. 18 May 2009.
  17. Web site: Inside Out - South: Monday 7th October, 2002. BBC. 18 May 2009.
  18. Web site: About Lewes. May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928225805/http://www.999lewes.com/. 28 September 2007.
  19. News: On This Day: 1952: Flood devastates Devon village. 18 May 2009. . 16 August 1952.
  20. News: Rain-making link to killer floods. BBC. 18 May 2009 . 30 August 2001.
  21. Web site: The 1952 Flood Disaster in Context. Exmoor National Park. 18 May 2009.
  22. Web site: Lynmouth flood disaster. Joint. Laura. BBC. 18 May 2009.
  23. Web site: Eden . Philip . THE SHEFFIELD GALE OF 1962 . Royal Meteorological Society . 1 February 2022.
  24. News: Hundreds homeless after flood havoc. The Times. 1. 16 September 1968.
  25. Web site: SCOTLAND (STORM DAMAGE) (Hansard, 7 February 1968). https://web.archive.org/web/20160108143004/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1968/feb/07/scotland-storm-damage?lang=_e. dead. 8 January 2016. hansard.millbanksystems.com.
  26. Web site: 1975 - 1999. booty.org.uk. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161003053817/http://booty.org.uk/booty.weather/climate/1975_1999.htm. 3 October 2016.
  27. Web site: Easter 1998 floods. 25 October 2012. Met Office.
  28. Web site: BBC Weather: Flood Facts. BBC. 18 May 2009.
  29. Web site: Lessons Learned: Autumn 2000 floods. 18 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182913/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/126637. 27 September 2007.
  30. Web site: The Autumn 2000 Floods in England. Kelman. Ilan. The Martin Centre, University of Cambridge. 2002. 18 May 2009.
  31. Web site: U.K. Floods, October 13–14, 2000: Examination of U.K. Flood Damage During Increased Rainfall in October 2000. Risk Management Solutions. 18 May 2009.
  32. Web site: THE LEWES FLOOD OF OCTOBER 2000. 18 May 2009.
  33. Web site: Flood Report: March 2001. Environment Agency. 18 May 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060519120319/http://www.lewes.gov.uk/Files/env_floodreport.pdf . 19 May 2006.
  34. Web site: The wet autumn of 2000. Met Office. 2017-02-14.
  35. Robine. Jean-Marie. Cheung. Siu Lan K.. Le Roy. Sophie. Van Oyen. Herman. Griffiths. Clare. Michel. Jean-Pierre. Herrmann. François Richard. February 2008. Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331. 2. 171–178. 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001. 18241810.
  36. Web site: 2005 floods. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20080104031143/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/regions/northwest/942672/?lang=_e. 2008-01-04. 13 February 2021. Environment Agency.
  37. News: England struck by flash flooding. 6 September 2008. BBC. 23 May 2012.
  38. News: Cumbria floods. https://web.archive.org/web/20091122155225/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/6616406/Cumbria-floods-residents-braced-for-more-rain-over-weekend.html. dead. 22 November 2009. The Daily Telegraph. 20 November 2009 . London . Aislinn . Laing . Paul . Stokes . Nigel . Bunyan . 20 November 2009.
  39. Web site: Measles Outbreak: Data . www.wales.nhs.uk . Public Health Wales.
  40. Web site: Mean CET ranked coldest to warmest from 1659 to 2021. Met Office.
  41. Web site: Chaplain. Chloe. 2018-07-23. Scorching heatwave brings driest start to summer in 57 YEARS. 2021-07-17. www.standard.co.uk. en.
  42. Web site: UK climate averages. Met Office.
  43. Web site: EIP | Droughts. eip.ceh.ac.uk.
  44. Web site: England moor fires. BBC News.
  45. Web site: UK actual and anomaly maps. Met Office.
  46. Web site: 17 July 2021. COVID-19 figures worldwide. 17 July 2021. BBC News.
  47. Web site: Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK . . Government of the United Kingdom . 15 April 2020 . 14 April 2020 . https://archive.today/20200414184317/https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/ . live .
  48. Web site: 14 July 2021. Flash floods: Parts of London receive a month of rain in a day. 17 July 2021. BBC News.
  49. Web site: Clark. Katie. 12 July 2021. Flooding in Southampton after heavy rain. 17 July 2021. Daily Echo.