List of riots in India explained

India has faced a number of riots both before and after its independence. Here is a list of riots in India:

Riots in Pre-Independent India

Name

Year

Locations

Cause

Factions

Deaths

Wounded

Damage

Ref

Bombay Dog Riots

1832 (6 to 7 June)

South Mumbai

Protest by Parsis against the British government's killing of stray dogs

Parsis

None

N/A

^[1]

October 1851

Bombay

Protests by Muslims against the Chitra Dynan Darpan owned by a Parsee. The publication had printed a depiction of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his history.

Parsis
Muslims

N/A

^[2]

1857 Bharuch riot

May 1857

Broach and Mumbai

Linked to the Broach riots

Parsis
Muslims

2 Parsis murdered

N/A

Parsi–Muslim riots 1874

13 February 1874

N/A

Salem riots of 1882

1882

Salem, Tamil Nadu

Objection by Muslims to a Hindu religious procession through a Mosque

Hindus
Muslims

Unknown

N/A

Shahabad Riots

1917

Shahabad, Bihar

Communal harmony disrupted due to the practice of cow slaughter on Hindus,Muslims|Unknown|Unknown|[3] |-|Katarpur Riot|1918|Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Various|Hindus|Muslims|N/A||^[4] |-| Malabar rebellion| 1920–1921| Malabar| Religious leaders spearheaded the Hindu genocide of 1921, which led to the massacre of thousands of Hindus, forcible conversions, rape of Hindu women and children and destruction of Hindu properties and places of worship, many call it Khilafat aftermath in the Malabar District of Madras Presidency.| Mappilas
Hindus
British Raj| approx 10000 hindus killed and 100k have to leave their homeland| ^[5] |||-| Peshawar riots| March 21–24, 1910| Peshawar, Peshawar District, North-West Frontier Province| Annual Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the annual Muslim day of mourning.| Hindus
Muslims| At least 4 Muslims and 6 Hindus| Hundreds| At least 451 shops and homes, Rs. 50 lakhs of damage| ^[6] ^[7] |-| 1921–1922 riots| April 1921–March 1922| Bengal, Punjab, Multan| Many riots occurred during Muharram, other causes| Hindus
Muslims| Unknown| Unknown| Various| |-| Riots in Kohat| 1924| Kohat| Hindu–Muslim tension| Hindus
| 155| Unknown| Rs. 9 lakhs + of damage| |-| 1924–1925 riots| April 1924- March 1925| Delhi, Nagpur, Lahore, Lucknow, Moradabad, Bhagalpur, Gulbarga, Shahajahanpur, Kankinarah, Kohat and Allahabad| Various| Hindus
Muslims| Unknown| Unknown| Various| |-| 1925–1926 riots| April 1925–March 1926| Calcutta, the United Provinces, the Central Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Berar, Gujarat, Sholapur| Dispute outside a mosque between Muslims and Hindus, other causes| Hindus
Muslims| 44+| 584+| Damage to temples and mosques| |-| 1926–1927 riots| April 1926–March 1927| Delhi, Calcutta, Bengal, the Punjab, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Sind| Music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, and other causes| Hindus
Muslims| 28+| 226+| Unknown| |-| 1927–1928 riots| April 1927- March 1928| Lahore, Bihar (2), Orissa(2), Punjab (2), Bettiah, United Provinces (10), Bombay Presidency (6), the Central Provinces (2), Bengal (2), Delhi(1)| Caused by the publication of Rangila Rasul and Risala Vartman, by music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, cow slaughter, and other causes| Hindus
Muslims| 103+| 1084+| Unknown| |-| 1927 Nagpur riots| September 4, 1927| Nagpur, Maharashtra| Muslims objected to passage of Hindu procession which resulted in riots| Hindus
Muslims| 22| 100| N/A||-| 1928–1929 riots| April 1928–March 1929| 22 significant riots in this period. Most serious were the Bombay riots. Other riots in Punjab, Kharagpur, and other places.| Many riots occurred during Bakr-i-Id, other causes| Hindus
Muslims| 204+ (149 in Bombay)| Nearly 1000| Unknown| |-| 1929–1930 riots| April 1929–March 1930| 12 significant riots in this period. Bombay, other places.| Various| Hindus
Muslims| 35+| 200+| Unknown| |-| Bombay riots of 1930| 1930| various| Protests against the Salt tax| Indian
British government| N/A| N/A| N/A| ^[8] |-| 1930–1931 riots| April 1930 – March 1931| Bengal, Nagpur, Bombay, Assam, Sukkur (Sind)| Various| Hindus
Muslims| Unknown| Unknown| Unknown| |-| 1931–1932 riots| April 1931–March 1932| Cawnpore, other places| Various| Hindus
Muslims| 300-500| Unknown| Damage to temples and other property| |-| 1933–1934 riots| April 1933–March 1934| Benares, Cawnpore, Lahore, Peshawar, Ayodhya,...| During Hindu and Muslim celebrations. Dispute between Sikhs and Muslims at the Shaheed Ganj Mosque in Lahore. Riots in Karachi after Abdul Quayum was executed for the murder of Hindu writer Nathuramal in court.| Hindus, Sikhs
Muslims| Unknown| Unknown| Various| |-| 1936 riots| 1936| Firozabad, Bombay, other| Various| Hindus
Muslims| Unknown| Unknown| Various| |-| 1937 riots| 1937| Panipat, Madras, Amritsar| During Holi, other causes| Hindus, Sikhs
Muslims| Unknown| Unknown| Various| |-| 1939 riots| 1939| Benares, Cawnpore, Sukkur (Sind), other| Dispute between Muslims and Hindus at Manzilgah over a mosque, a temple vandalized by Muslims, other causes| Hindus
Muslims| 151+| 58+| Various| |-| Direct Action Day| August 1946| Calcutta, Bengal| Muslim League Council to show the strength of Muslim feelings both to British and Congress. Muslims wanted a separate country for Muslims fearing that Hindus will suppress their community and that fear lead to killing and looting of Hindus.| Hindus
Muslims
| 4,000| N/A| 100,000 homeless| ^[9] |-| Noakhali riots| October–November 1946| Noakhali and Tippera districts of Bengal (now in Bangladesh)| Widespread killing of Hindus and looting of Hindu shops, businesses, and homes. An attempt to either kill or make the Hindus flee from Noakhali and go to newly founded republic of India.| Hindus
Muslims
| 5,000 killed| N/A| 50,000 remained marooned| ^[10] ^[11] |}

Riots In Post-Independent India

From Independence to 2000

Name	Year	Locations	Cause	Factions	Deaths	Wounded	Damage	Ref
1957 Ramnad riots	1957	Ramnad	After Devendrar people objected to electoral victory of Maravar candidate in 1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections	Devendrar Maravar Tamil Nadu police	38	Unknown	2,842 houses burnt	^[12]
1961 Jabalpur riots	4-9 February, 1961	Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh	This riot was linked to the emergence of a small class of successful Muslim entrepreneurs who created a new economic rivalry between Hindu and Muslim communities. Also, media and press gave communal tone to crime incident by two Muslim boys, which lead to widespread violence.	Hindus Muslims	55^[13]	200+	These riots shook Jawaharlal Nehru as he never expected communal riots of such intensity in independent India. Hindu nationalist organizations including ABVP, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh played a major role in this riot. Officially 55 were killed, though according to unofficial accounts, 200 were killed. Nehru responded by lambasting the Bhopal Congress government which was being headed by Chief Minister Kailash Nath Katju. He angrily noted that Congress leaders were found to be 'sitting inside their houses like purdah ladies' during riots^[14]	^[15] ^[16]
1964 Calcutta riots	January 1964	Culcutta and rural parts of West Bengal	Retaliation for Muslim attacks on Hindus during 1964 East Pakistan riots	Hindus Muslims	264^[17] ^[18] ^[19] ^[20]	430+	The Muslim community in Calcutta felt more segregated and fearful than ever before. Reports indicated that as many as 70,000 Muslim residents fled their homes.^[21]	^[22] ^[23]
1966 Hindu Sikh riots	9 March 1966	Old Delhi	Delhi	March 14 Hindus and Sikhs battled in New Delhi's streets today as a wave of violence over proposals for a Punjabi-speaking state spread. Following violence in Delhi stoning and casual violence also erupted in Ludhiana, Patiala, Jalandhar and in Panipat 3 congressmen were burnt alive including close associate of Bhagat Singh generally believed to be orchestrated by Jan Sangh who were anti of Punjabi speaking state.	Sikhs Hindus	3 people died and around hundreds were injured,	N/A	N/A
1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots	August 22–29, 1967	Ranchi	Anti-Urdu agitations	HindusMuslims	184	Unknown	195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson.	^[24]
1969 Gujarat riots	September – October 1969	Gujarat	Desecration of a dargah and subsequently of a Hindu temple.	Hindus Muslims	512	1084	Property of muslims worth 42 million Rupees destroyed	^[25]
1969 Anti Kannada Riots	February – 1969	Bombay	KA-MH border dispute.	Kannadigas Marathis	59	274	February 1969 Thackeray unleashes his goons against Kannadigas. 59 dead, 274 wounded, 151 cops injured in week of riots.	^[26]
Worli riots	1974	Mumbai, Maharashtra	Police attempting to disperse a Dalit Panthers rally where speaker allegedly made objectionable remarks about Hindu deities	Shiv Sena (Hindu) Buddhist	1		^[27]
1980 Moradabad riots	August 1980	Moradabad	Policemen's refusal to remove pig from Idgah	PAC Muslims	400	Unknown	195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson.	^[28]
1981 Bihar riots	May 1981	Bihar Sharif	Dispute over land between Yadavs (an agricultural caste) and Muslims, which was turned communal by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.	Hindus Muslims	45	70	N/A	^[29]
1982 Meerut riots	July 1982	Meerut	Dispute over land between Muslim advocate and Municipality, which was turned into temple-mazaar controversy by Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP). Situation turned serious after visit of RSS Sarsanghchalak, Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras.	Hindus Muslims	100	126	N/A	^[30]
Nellie massacre	February 1983	Nellie	Kidnapping and murder of 5 Lalung tribals and alleged rape of two Lalung girls by Bengali Muslims. More broadly, Assam Agitation.	Assamese Bengali Muslims	2,191 (Unofficial Toll 10,000+)	Unknown		^[31]
1984 Bhiwandi riot	May 1984	Bhiwandi	Placement of Saffron flag on top of mosque.	Hindus Muslims	278	1,115	N/A	^[32]
1984 Sikh massacre	31 October 1984 − 3 November 1984	Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar	Assassination of Indira Gandhi by her two Sikh bodyguards	Hindus Sikhs	3,350 (Government figures)8,000‐30,000 (Independent estimate)	N/A	N/A	^[33]
1985 Gujarat riots	February –August 1985	Ahmedabad	Anger among upper castes about proposed increases to reservation for backward classes. Later the riot turned communal and Bhartiya Janta Party and Vishwa Hindu Parishad workers attacked Muslims houses. Muslims who had no role to play in the reservation policy of Madhav Singh Solanki government were victimized.	Hindus Muslims	275	N/A	N/A
	February–March 1986	Jammu and Kashmir	Construction of a mosque at the site of an ancient Hindu Temple	Hindus Muslims			Hindu Temples, shops vandalised	^[34]
1987 Meerut riots	April–May 1987	Meerut	Babri Mosque reopened for Hindu worship	Hindus Muslims PAC	346 (includes 42 killed in Hashimpura massacre)	159	N/A	^[35]
1987 Delhi riots	19–22 May 1987	Delhi	Rumors about events happening in Meerut triggered communal violence in Delhi	Hindus Muslims	8 – 15	N/A	N/A	^[36]
1988 Aurangabad violence	17–20 May 1988	Aurangabad	Objection to Election results	Hindus Muslims	26	N/A	N/A
1988 Muzaffarnagar	8–11 October 1988	Muzaffarnagar	Rally by the BMAC (Babri Masjid Action Committee)	Hindus Muslims	37	N/A	N/A
1988 Karnataka Bidar riots	14–16 September 1988	Bidar	Religious procession during Ganesh Chathurti event and over demanding donations from Sikhs	Sikhs Hindus(VHP)	6 Sikh students killed, 30 injured and	N/A	Property worth lakhs destroyed	^[37]
1989 Jammu anti-Sikh riots	13 January 1989	Jammu	Some Sikh pilgrims displaying Satwant Singh and Beant Singh posters during Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti	Sikhs Shiv Sena	15 Sikhs killed, hundreds injured and property worth crores destroyed	N/A	N/A
1989 Bombay	24 February 1989	Bombay	Protests against book The Satanic Verses	Muslims	11	N/A	N/A
1989 Kota violence	14 September 1989	Kota	Religious procession	Hindus Muslims	26	N/A	N/A
1989 Badaun violence	28 September 1989	Badaun	Issue of Urdu-slated to become Uttar Pradesh's second official language	Hindus Muslims	24	N/A	N/A
1989 Indore violence	14 October 1989	Indore	Political rally	Hindus Muslims	23	N/A	N/A
1989 Bhagalpur violence	22–28 October 1989	Bhagalpur	Religious procession and false rumors about the killing of Hindu students	Hindus Muslims	1000+	N/A	N/A
1989 Kashmir violence	1989–1990	Kashmir	Militancy in valley	Militants MuslimsKashmiri Hindus	200-1341		Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
1990 Gujarat violence	April–October 1990	Gujarat	Political procession	Hindus Muslims	12	N/A	Looting of shops
1990 Colonelganj violence	30 September 1990	Colonelganj	Stones and petrol bombs thrown at Durga Puja procession	Hindus Muslims	100	N/A	Looting of shops
1990 Karnataka violence	October 1990	Ramnagaram, Channapatna, Kolar, Davanagere, Tumkur	Various incidents in different parts of Karnataka state	Hindus Muslims	46	N/A	N/A	^[38]
1990 Rajasthan violence	October 1990	Udaipur, Jaipur	Hindu Ram Jyoti procession (bearing the light of Ram) was stoned & attacked in Udaipur	Hindus Muslims	50	N/A	N/A
1990 Ayodhya firing incident	October, November 1990	Ayodhya	Uttar Pradesh police fired live ammunition at civilians	Hindus	16	N/A	N/A
1990 Hyderabad riots	1990	Hyderabad	Due to Hindus partly demolishing Babri Mosque	Hindus Muslims	200+	N/A	N/A	^[39] ^[40]
1990 Aligarh riots	1990	Aligarh	Started with an attack on a group of people bound for Etah from the house of Manawwar Hussain, ex- chairman of the Nagar Palika, and from a nearby Masjid	Hindus Muslims	11+	Unknown	Unknown	^[41]
1990 Kanpur riots	1990	Kanpur	Hawkers selling clothes were attacked and their merchandise burned	Hindus Muslims	20	N/A	N/A
1990 Agra riots	1990	Agra	Unknown	Hindus Muslims	22	N/A	N/A	^[42]
1990 Gonda riots	1990	Gonda	False rumours of throwing of stones and petrol bombs at a Durga Puja procession	Hindus Muslims	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	^[43]
1990 Khurja violence	1990; December 15–23 and 1991; January 31–February 5	Khurja	Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi issue	Hindus Muslims	96	N/A	N/A	^[44]
1991 Bhadrak riot	1991; March 24	Bhadrak	Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi issue	Hindus Muslims	33	N/A	N/A	^[45]
1991 Saharanpur violence	1991; March 27	Saharanpur	Ram Navami procession was prevented from passing near a mosque	Hindus Muslims	40+	N/A	N/A
1991 Kanpur violence	1991; May 19	Kanpur	Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy	Hindus Muslims	20	N/A	N/A
1991 Meerut violence	1991; May 20	Meerut	Election violence	Hindus Muslims	30	N/A	N/A
1991 Varanasi violence	1991; November 8 and 13	Meerut	Kali Puja procession attacked	Hindus Muslims	20	N/A	N/A
1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka	1991	Bangalore	Tensions between Kannadigas and Tamils after Cauvery river dispute	KannadigasTamils	16	N/A	Officially 16 Tamils were killed but real estimate is much higher and Mass exodus of Tamils, more than 200,000 from various parts of Karnataka	^[46]
1992 Sitamarhi violence	1992; October 2–9	Sitamarhi	Durga Puja procession shouting slogans such as Jai Shri Ram near a mosque was stopped by some Muslim youths	Hindus Muslims	65	N/A	N/A	^[47]
1992 Surat	1992; October 2–9	Surat	Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy	Hindus Muslims	200+	N/A	N/A	^[48]
1992 Bombay riots	6 December 1992 – 26 January 1993	Mumbai	Protests over the demolition of the Babri Masjid	Hindus Muslims	900
1992 Karnataka	1992; December 6–13	Bangalore, Gulbarga, Hubli, Dharwad	Commencement of Urdu-language news broadcasts in Doordarshan	Hindus Muslims	30	N/A	N/A	^[49]
1992 Kanpur	1992; December 6–11	Kanpur	Demolition of Babri Masjid	Hindus Muslims	254	N/A	N/A	^[50]
1992 Assam	1992; December 7–8	Nagaon and Dhubri districts	Demolition of Babri Masjid	Hindus Muslims	90+	N/A	As many as 23 temples and mosques were damaged	^[51]
1992 Rajasthan	1992; December 7–9	Rajasthan	Demolition of Babri Masjid	Hindus Muslims	60	N/A	N/A	^[52]
1992 Calcutta	1992; December 7–1	Calcutta	Demolition of Babri Masjid	Hindus Muslims	35	N/A	N/A
1992 Bhopal	1992; December 7–15	Bhopal	Demolition of Babri Masjid	Hindus Muslims	175	N/A	N/A	^[53]
1992 Delhi	1992; December 10	Delhi	False rumor declaring the Mustafa mosque had been razed to the ground triggered the violence	Hindus Muslims	53	N/A	N/A	^[54]
1994 Hubli	1994; August 15	Hubli	National flag hoisting at the Idgah Maidan Hubli	Hindus Muslims	6	N/A	N/A	^[55]
1994 Bangalore	1994; October 6–8	Bangalore	Broadcasting in Urdu of a Doordarshan (television) program	Hindus Muslims	25	N/A	N/A	^[56]
	1997; November 29–December 1; 1998; February 14	Coimbatore	Murder of a police constable by three Muslim youths belonging to the Al-Umma	Hindus Muslims	60	N/A	N/A

Post 2000


Name	Year	Locations	Cause	Factions	Deaths	Wounded	Damage	Ref
2002 Gujarat riots	27 February – 2 March 2002	Gujarat	The burning of a train in Godhra on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 69 Hindu pilgrims karsevaks returning from Ayodhya triggered the violence. The Naroda Patiya massacre took place on 28 February 2002 at Naroda, in Ahmedabad. 97 Muslims were killed by a mob of approximately 5,000 people, organised by the Bajrang Dal, a wing of the Vishva Hindu Parishad, and allegedly supported by the Bharatiya Janata Party which was in power in the Gujarat State Government.	Hindu Muslims	1044 Official Figure, 2000 Unofficial	2500+ official		^[57]
2005 Mau riots	2005; October 13–14	Mau	Hindus performing the Ramayana scene of Bharat Milap attacked by Muslims	Hindus Muslims	14	N/A	N/A	^[58]
2005 Lucknow riots	2006, March 3	Lucknow	Danish Mohammed cartoons	Hindus Muslims	4	N/A	N/A	^[59]
2006 Vadodara riots	1 May 2006 – 3 May 2006	Gujarat	Municipal council's decision to remove the dargah (shrine) of Syed Chishti Rashiduddin	Hindus Muslims	8	42		^[60]
2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal	2007, Dec 24-27	Kandhamal district	Christmas celebrations	Hindus, Christians		3-50	100+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,100+ Christian institutions burnt down or vandalized,837+ families left homeless,700-730 houses (120 belonging to Hindus) were burnt or damaged.	^[61]
2008 Kandhamal violence	2008, Aug 25-28	Kandhamal district	Murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati	Hindus, Christians	39-90	18,000+	395+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,54,000+ left homeless,5,600+ houses ransacked or burnt down,600+ Villages ransacked	^[62]
2008 Indore (Madhya Pradesh)	2008, July 3–4	Indore	Conflict revocation of land allotment for the Amarnath Temple in Kashmir	Hindus Muslims	8	N/A	N/A
2012 Assam violence	20 July – 15 September 2012	Assam	Killing of 4 Bodo youths by unidentified miscreants	Bodos, Bengali Muslims	77+		4 lakhs displaced temporarily	^[63]
2013 Canning riots	21 February 2013	West Bengal	Killing of Muslim cleric by unidentified assailants	MuslimsHindus			200 Hindu homes burnt.	^[64]
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots	27 August 2013 – 17 September 2013	Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh	Disputed	Hindus Muslims	60+	93		^[65]
2014 Saharanpur riots	25 July 2014 – 26 July 2014	Saharanpur	Disputed land	Muslims Sikhs	3	33		^[66]
2015 Nadia riots	5 May 2015	Nadia district, West Bengal	Religious procession	Muslims Hindus	4	8	Houses burnt	^[67]
2016 Kaliachak riots	3 January 2016	Kaliachak, Malda district	Muslim protest against the alleged derogatory remarks of Hindu Mahasabha leader Kamlesh Tiwari towards Muhammad	MuslimsHindus and police	0	30+	500 homes torched, destruction of police stations and Hindu temples	^[68] ^[69]
2016 anti-Tamil riots	13-14 September 2016	Bengaluru	Tensions between Kannadigas and Tamils after Cauvery river dispute	Mob, Public	2 protesters because of police firing	N/A	100+ cars, buses, trucks and shops belonging to Tamilians torched in Bangalore thousands of Tamil people flee the city as violence engulfed and ravaged the city	^[70]
2016 Coimbatore riots	September 22 – 26	Coimbatore	Death of Hindu Munnani leader	PoliceBJP and Hindu Munnani supporters		12	Destruction of police vans, Muslim-owned properties, Hindu temples
2016 Dhulagarh riots	12 December 2016	Panchla, Howrah	Refusal to allow Mawlid processions to march	Hindus Muslims
2017 Baduria riots	2 July 2017	Baduria, West Bengal	Alleged derogatory facebook post by a Hindu student	Muslims Hindus		23+	65 year old Hindu man stabbed to death by a Muslim mob.	^[71]
2017 Northern India riots	25 August 2017	Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and New Delhi	Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh	Dera Sacha Sauda Followers	41+	300+	Mostly in Police firing to suppress the Destruction.	^[72] ^[73]
2018 Bihar riots	17 March 2018, 24 March 2018, 25 March 2018, 27 March 2018, 28 March 2018 & 30 March 2018	Bihar(17 March Bhagalpur, 24 March Siwan, 25 March Aurangabad, 27 March Samastipur, 27 March Munger, 28 March Silao(Nalanda), 28 March Sheikhpura, 30 March Nawada)	Clashes erupted during Ram Navami processions between BJP, Bajrang Dal, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Muslims	Hindus Muslims	0	35+	4 Hindu temples vandalized including the Hanuman idols and murtis inside of them broken and one mosque also vandalised, vehicles, shops were burnt	^[74]
2020 Delhi riots	23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020	North East Delhi	CAA-NRC Protests	Muslims, Hindu	53	200+	Shops, houses vehicles and mosque	^[75] ^[76]
2020 Bangalore riots	11–12 August 2020	KG Halli and DJ Halli, eastern Bengaluru	Protest by Muslims against a derogatory social media post about Muhammad.	MuslimsPolice	5	Unknown	Homes, shops, vehicles and police station	^[77]
2021 Assam eviction violence	24 September 2021	Dholpur, Darrang district	Eviction drive against alleged illegal settlers	Assam police, Illegal settlers	2	9 policemen injured	2 people shot dead by police including 12 year old boy	^[78]
2022 Shivamogga riots	20 February 2022 – 22 February 2022	Shivamogga, Karnataka	Murder of Bajrang Dal activist Harsha	Bajrang Dal workersMuslims	0	20 injured	100 vehicles torched, Houses and shops vandalised	^[79]
2022 Kanpur violence	3 June 2022	Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh	2022 Muhammad remarks controversy	MuslimsPolice	0	40+ injured		^[80]
2022 Ranchi violence	10 June 2022	Ranchi, Jharkhand	2022 Muhammad remarks controversy	MuslimsPolice	2	24 injured		^[81]
2023-24 Manipur violence	3 May 2023 - 25 July 2024	Meitei and Kuki-dominated districts of Manipur	Various: Attempt to give Meiteis ST reservation, Manipur govt crackdown on land encroachment, Meitei fears of illegal immigration	MeiteisKukis	60+	230+	Churches, temples, schools, houses, vehicles, public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters.	^[82] ^[83] ^[84]
2023 Haryana riots	31 July 2023 - 3 August 2023	Nuh, later Gurgaon and Sohna	Passage of Hindu procession with rumoured participation of Monu Manesar, a cow vigilante known for murder of several Muslims	Meo MuslimsHindus	7	200+	Mosque and public properties were set ablaze by the violent mobs.	^[85] ^[86]
2023 Shivamogga violence	28 September 2023 - 3 October 2023	Shimoga	Cutout of Tipu Sultan being covered by police for being inciteful	Muslimspolice	0	230+	Murders, attacking innocent people, police and public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters.	^[87]
2023 Satara riots	10 September 2023	Satara	Riots by Hindus who were provoked by abusive comments made by Muslims against Hindu deities Lord Ram & Lady Sita, as well as against the Maratha ruler Shivaji Maharaj	HindusMuslims	1	10	Shops, houses vehicles and mosques burned or targeted	^[88]
2024 Haldwani riots	9 February 2024	Haldwani	Demolition of a madrasa and Masjid as part of a district anti-encroachment drive	Local residents (mainly Muslim)Police	5	100+	Police station, vehicles, and houses burnt	^[89]

Notes and References

Pg 125 Book: Palsetia, Jesse S. . The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City . Brill . 2001 . 978-90-04-12114-0 . 368.
Pg 188–189 Book: Palsetia, Jesse S. . The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City . Brill . 2001 . 978-90-04-12114-0 . 368.
Book: Sajjad, Mohammad . Muslim Politics in Bihar . Taylor & Francis . 2014 . 9781317559825 . 98 . English.
Book: Thursby, Gene . Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928 . Brill Academic Publishers . 1975 . 978-90-04-04380-0 . Netherlands . 82 . English.
Book: Besant, Annie Wood . The future of Indian politics; a contribution to the understanding of present-day problems . 1922 . Adyar, India, Theosophical Pub. House . University of California Libraries.
Rehman, Noor & Khan, Aman Ullah. 2020. "“Maro Hindu Ko” (Kill the Hindus): Communal Violence in Peshawar City: A Historical Perspective" In Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society. Volume: 33, No. 02, July – December 2020
Web site: Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : Part I, Report; part II, Tables . saoa.crl.25430163 . 10 February 2023 . 1922 .
News: 1930-06-23 . Troops called out for Bombay Riots . . 2008-09-18.
Book: Burrows, Frederick . Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell . The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107 . 1946 . Frederick Burrows.
28 October 1946 . India: Written in Blood . Time . 42 . Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed . subscription.
Book: Khan, Yasmin . The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan . Yale University Press . 2007 . 9780300120783 . 68–69 . registration.
Web site: Agitation by backward Vanniyar community rocks Tamil Nadu .
Book: Engineer, Asghar Ali . Communal Riots After Independence: A Comprehensive Account . 2004 . Shipra . 9788175411500. 32. en.
Book: Pratinav Anil . amp . Hurst Publishers . Another India: The Making of the World's Largest Muslim Minority, 1947–77 . 2023. 978-1-80526-074-5 .
Book: Christophe Jaffrelot . amp . Penguin Books India . The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation . 1999. 165 . 978-0-14-024602-5 .
News: Why India Must Recall 1961 Madhya Pradesh Communal Violence Today. NewsClick. 2023-09-17.
Web site: Ministry of Home Affairs . Government of India . Ministry of Home Affairs (India) . 11 February 1964 . Communal Disturbances in West Bengal: Shri G. L. Nanda's Statement in Parliament . . 3 . 6015.
News: 25 July 1964 . Widespread Communal Riots in India and Pakistan . 1 . .
Huda . Kashif ul . 2009-05-23 . Communal Riots and Jamshedpur . Economic and Political Weekly . en.
Web site: 20 January 1965 . Recurrent Exodus of Minorities from East Pakistan and Disturbances in India . . 307.
Web site: Sengupta . Anwesha . Calcutta's Muslims after Partition . 2023-01-12 . The Daily Star . 14 February 2022 . en . more than 70,000 Calcutta hindus fled their homes during these riots.
News: 1964-01-12 . TOLL IN CALCUTTA PUT AT 60 IN RIOTS; Mob Kills 3 Policemen —Army Units Moved In . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-01-11 . 0362-4331.
Web site: ANNEX II (7) Survey on Hindu Muslim Riots (1917 to 1977) Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying . 2023-01-11 . dahd.nic.in.
Book: Ghosh, Srikanta . Indian Democracy Derailed Politics and Politicians . 1997 . APH Publishing . 978-81-7024-866-8 . en.
Book: Desai . Akshayakumar Ramanlal . State and Repressive Culture: A Case Study of Gujarat . D'Costa . Wilfred . 1994 . Popular Prakashan . 978-81-7154-702-9 . en.
http://www.outlookindia.com/article/tooth-and-claw/283066 Tooth and Claw, Outlook, 2012
http://www.outlookindia.com/article/tooth-and-claw/283066 Tooth and Claw, Outlook, 2012
Gandhi . Krishna . 1980 . Anatomy of the Moradabad Riots . Economic and Political Weekly . 15 . 36 . 1505–1507 . 4369047 . 0012-9976.
Web site: May 5, 1981, Forty Years Ago: Bihar violence . 5 May 2021 .
Chisti . Anees . 1982. Meerut: Anatomy of a Riot. Economic and Political Weekly . 17 . 44 . 1765-1768 . 4371519.
Web site: Gupta . Shekhar . 2023-02-11 . Bloodstained road to Nellie: Trail of destruction I saw after the 1983 massacre in Assam . 2024-04-08 . ThePrint . en-US.
Book: Hansen, Thomas Blom . Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay . 2001-11-18 . Princeton University Press . 978-0-691-08840-2 . en.
Web site: Ramakrishnan . Shriya . 8 October 2016 . 1984 anti-Sikh riots: Calls for justice in India . Al Jazeera.
Web site: 19 October 1986 . India's Kashmir Torn by Its Attraction to Pakistan - Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times.
Book: Uekert, Brenda K. . Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres . 1995 . Greenwood Publishing Group . 978-0-275-95165-8 . en.
Web site: 16 April 2019 . Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011) .
Web site: Karnataka: Sikhs students killed by mobs of local residents in Bidar . 2023-01-23 . India Today . en.
Web site: Karnataka: Events of December 1992 .
Web site: 2014-01-14 . Hyderabad (AP) December 8, 1990 over 200 dead - Hindustan Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20140114050520/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hyderabad-ap-december-8-1990-over-200-dead/article1-348781.aspx . 2014-01-14 . 2022-10-06 .
News: Hazarika . Sanjoy . Times . Special To the New York . 1990-12-10 . Muslim-Hindu Riots in India Leave 93 Dead in 3 Days . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-06 . 0362-4331.
The Hindu, 9/12/1990. Frontline, 22/12/1990.
Book: Chaturvedi . Jayati . Riots and Pogroms . Chaturvedi . Gyaneshwar . 1996 . 978-0-333-66976-1 . 177–200 . Dharma Yudh: Communal Violence, Riots and Public Space in Ayodhya and Agra City, 1990 and 1992 . 10.1007/978-1-349-24867-4_6.
(Frontline 27/10–09/11/1990); (Sunday 14–20/10/1990); (India Today 31/10/1990)
Chakravarti . Uma . Chowdhury . Prem . Dutta . Pradip . Hasan . Zoya . Sangari . Kumkum . Sarkar . Tanika . 1992 . Khurja Riots 1990-91: Understanding the Conjuncture . Economic and Political Weekly . 27 . 18 . 951–965 . 4397832.
Web site: 7 March 2018 . In Odisha, a riot postmortem you don't hear often .
Web site: result of anti-tamil riots.
Web site: Communal riots expose Laloo's promises in Bihar .
Web site: The Nightmare of Surat .
Web site: 1997 . Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims since Independence . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160309054726/https://www.questia.com/read/9049486/legacy-of-a-divided-nation-india-s-muslims-since . 2016-03-09 . Westview Press .
Web site: 3 November 2008 . Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011) . Hindustan Times.
Web site: Assam Reopens '92 Riots Case . Telegraph India.
Web site: 16 April 2019 . Assam Reopens '92 Riots Case . Telegraph India.
Web site: 6 December 2012 . When all hell broke loose in Bhopal . Hindustan Times.
Web site: 16 April 2019 . Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986-2011) . SciencesPo.
Web site: The flag without tears . University of Pune.
Web site: 16 April 2019 . Hindu Muslim riots in India . SciencesPo.
Web site: The Gujarat massacre: New India's blood rite Pankaj Mishra. TheGuardian.com. 14 March 2012.
Web site: Communal Riot in Mau: A Report. CounterCurrents.
Web site: 2006, March 3: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh). 16 April 2019. SciencesPo.
News: The Secular Lies of Vadodara . dead . Tehelka . 20 May 2006 . 2013-07-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022625/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne052006The_Secular_CS.asp . 2016-03-04.
News: Kandhamal rises above violent past on Christmas. The Hindu. 26 December 2019. Das. Sib Kumar.
Web site: 10 Years Post Kandhamal Riots: Let Us Not Forget How It Tore the Secular Fabric. 25 August 2018.
News: A Timeline of the Bodo conflict. The Times of India. 5 August 2016 .
http://www.oneindia.com/2013/02/21/west-bengal-homes-torched-shops-ransacked-in-riots-1155624.html West Bengal: 200 homes torched, shops ransacked in riots, One India, 2013
News: Muzaffarnagar violence: Over 10,000 displaced; 10,000 arrested . Times of India . 12 September 2013 . 12 September 2013.
Web site: UP cops say Saharanpur riots were well-planned. InToday.in. 28 February 2017.
Web site: Vicky. 2015-05-07. Nadia riots: Scale of destruction immense as police study pattern. 2022-01-22. www.oneindia.com. en.
Web site: 48 hours after communal riots, Kaliachak in Malda turns ghost town. India Today. 6 January 2016.
Web site: Why did the media ignore the Malda communal violence?. scroll.in. 6 January 2016 . 6 January 2016.
Web site: anti-Tamil riots ravages the Tamil populace once again in the city.
News: Fresh Violence In West Bengal's Basirhat After Police Lathicharge, Several Injured: 10 Updates. NDTV.com.
News: Families torn apart in Haryana violence. 4 December 2017. The Hindu. 27 August 2017.
News: Dera violence: Chargesheet against Honeypreet, 14 others. 4 December 2017. The Times Of India. 28 November 2017.
News: A fortnight of riots timeline Bihar Violence. 31 May 2017. NDTV. 31 Mar 2018.
News: Delhi violence Death toll rises to 53. 2020-03-05. The Hindu. 2020-03-06. 0971-751X.
Web site: It's Official: Police Says 53 Dead, 200+ Injured, 2200 Arrests in Delhi Riots. The Wire. 8 March 2020. 2020-03-09.
Web site: Bengaluru violence: What happened in Bengaluru last night? Here's all you need to know. 12 August 2020 .
News: 2 die in Assam eviction drive. The Hindu. 24 September 2021.
Web site: Bajrang Dal worker killing: Curfew extended in Shivamogga for two more days. 22 February 2022.
Web site: Kanpur Violence: At Least 40 Injured, Police Register 3 FIRs Against 500 People . 2022-06-10 . The Wire.
Web site: June 11, 2022 . Satyajeet . Kumar . Prophet row rocks Ranchi: 2 dead, people warned not to venture out day after violent protests . 2022-06-11 . India Today . en.
News: Dhillon . Amrit . 2023-05-05 . Indian troops ordered to 'shoot on sight' amid violence in Manipur . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-05-06 . 0261-3077.
News: 253 churches burnt down during continuing unrest in Manipur: Indigenous Tribal Leaders' Forum . Telegraph India . 13 June 2023 . en.
Web site: 2023-09-15 . Manipur violence: 175 deaths so far, 4,786 houses burnt, say police . 2023-09-29 . The Indian Express . en.
News: Nuh: Mosque set on fire, cleric killed in religious clashes in India's Haryana . BBC News . 1 August 2023.
News: Jain . Rupam . Hindu-Muslim riots expose risk at major Indian business hub . Reuters . 3 August 2023 . en.
Web site: The Hindu Bureau . Shivamogga violence: Complaints reveal divergent details on turn of events . The Hindu . 2023-10-04 . 2023-10-15.
Web site: 1 killed, 10 injured in clash over social media post in Maharashtra; 23 held . 2023-12-04 . India Today . en.
News: Haldwani Violence: 5 dead after demolition of 'illegal' structures.