List of wars involving Egypt explained

This is a list of wars involving the Arab Republic of Egypt and its predecessor states.

Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2890 BC)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsMonarchEgyptian
losses
Unification of Upper and Lower EgyptUpper EgyptLower EgyptUpper Egypt victory Narmer?
Egypto-Nubian conflict (c. 3100 - 3000 BC)First Dynasty of EgyptA-Group culture (Nubia)Victory
  • A-Group culture destroyed by the pharaohs of Egypt.[1]
  • Lower Nubia was not inhabited for centuries afterwards.
Djer or Djet[2] ?

Middle Kingdom Period (c. 2055-1650 BC)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsMonarchEgyptian
losses
Egyptian Campaign in Lower Nubia (c. 1953 BC)[6] Twelfth Dynasty of EgyptVarious peoples in Lower Nubia.Victory
  • Nubians defeated and Egyptian colonisation of Lower Nubia.
Senusret I?
Egyptian Campaign in Nubia (c. 1870–1859 BC)[7] Twelfth Dynasty of EgyptVarious Nubian peoplesVictory
  • Nubians defeated and Egyptian expansion into Nubia.[8]
Senusret III?
Egyptian Campaign in Canaan (Between c. 1880 and c. 1840 BC)Twelfth Dynasty of EgyptShechem
Retjenu
Victory
  • Both Shechem and Retjenu defeated by Egypt.[9]
Senusret III?

New Kingdom Period (c. 1550-1077 BC)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsMonarchEgyptian
losses
Egyptian Campaign in the Levant (1458 - 1457 BC)Eighteenth Dynasty of EgyptCanaanites
Kadesh
Megiddo
Kingdom of Mitanni
Hurrians
Victory Thutmose III4,000 at the Battle of Megiddo
CyprusVictory
  • Egyptian rule of Cyprus
  • Inhabitants forced to pay tribute
?
Egyptian-Hittite conflictNineteenth Dynasty of EgyptHittitesinconclusive[11] Seti I, Ramses II?
Sea Peoples' invasion of EgyptTwentieth Dynasty of EgyptSea PeoplesVictory
  • Egyptians defeat the Sea Peoples in two land and sea battles
  • invasion repelled
Ramses III?

Late Period (c. 664-332 BC)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsMonarchEgyptian
losses
Egyptian campaign against the Kingdom of JudahTwenty-sixth Dynasty of EgyptKingdom of JudahVictory
  • Subjugation of Judah by the twenty sixth dynasty.[12]
Necho IIUndetermined, but low
Egyptian Babylonian warNeo-Babylonian EmpirePersiansScythiansMedesVictory
  • egyptian capture of Kummuh and Gaza
?
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of EgyptCyprusVictory
  • Egyptian control over Cyprus
Amasis II?

Ptolemaic Kingdom (310-30 BC)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsMonarchEgyptian
losses
First Syrian War (274 - 271 BC)Ptolemaic KingdomSeleucid EmpireVictory Ptolemy II Philadelphus?
Chremonidean War (267 - 261 BC)Athens
Sparta
Ptolemaic Kingdom
MacedoniaDefeat
  • Macedonian victory. Antigonid control over the city-states of Greece.
Ptolemy II Philadelphus?
Second Syrian War (274 - 271 BC)Ptolemaic KingdomSeleucid Empire
Macedonia
Stalemate Ptolemy II Philadelphus?
Third Syrian War (246 - 241 BC)Ptolemaic KingdomSeleucid EmpireStalemate
  • Loss of Cyclades to Seleucid Empire.
  • Ptolemaic kingdom awarded new territories in Syria, including Seleucia Pieria.
Ptolemy III Euergetes?
Fourth Syrian War (219 - 217 BC)Ptolemaic KingdomSeleucid EmpireVictory Ptolemy IV Philopator2,200 at the Battle of Raphia
Fifth Syrian War (202 - 195 BC)Ptolemaic KingdomSeleucid Empire
Macedonia
Defeat Ptolemy V Epiphanes?
Sixth Syrian War (170 - 168 BC)Ptolemaic Kingdom
Roman Republic (168 BC)
Seleucid EmpireVictory Ptolemy VIII Physcon?
War of Actium (32 - 30 BC)Rome supporting Mark Antony
Ptolemaic Kingdom
Rome supporting OctavianDefeat Cleopatra VII?

Ikhshidid Emirate (935–969)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsMonarchEgyptian
losses
Ikhshidid-Makurian conflict Ikhshidid Emirate22px|border MakuriaIkhshidid Victory Kafur al-Ikhshidi?
Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid CaliphateDefeat
  • Capitulation of Fustat and Egypt
  • Foundation of Cairo and move of the Fatimid Caliphate's seat from Ifriqiya to Egypt
  • Beginning of Fatimid expansion into the Levant and the Hejaz
Emir Abu'l-Fawaris
Ahmad ibn Ali
Ja'far ibn al-Furat
Nihrir al-Shuwayzan
?

Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1250)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsSultanEgyptian
losses
Third Crusade(1189 - 1192) Ayyubid Sultanate Sultanate of Rum Angevin Empire Kingdom of France

Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Republic of Genoa

Republic of Pisa

Stalemate
  • Treaty of Jaffa
  • Crusader military Victory, resulting in a three-year truce. Acre, Philomelion, Iconium, Arsuf, and Jaffa all Crusader military victories.
  • Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine to the Crusader States Crusader States.
  • The safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims guaranteed throughout the Levant.
  • The Crusader Captures Cyprus and the Kingdom of Cyprus is established
  • The Levantine coast from Tyre to Jaffa returned to Crusader control
  • The Crusaders recapture Tiberias and some inland territories from the Muslims
Saladin?
Crusade of 1197(1197 - 1198) Ayyubid Sultanate Holy Roman EmpireDefeat Al-Aziz Uthman?
Fifth Crusade

(1217–1221)

Ayyubid Sultanate Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Sicily

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of France

Papal states

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Kingdom of Cyprus

Latin Empire

Knights Templar

Teutonic Order

Knights Hospitaller

Sultanate of Rum

Victory
  • Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders
Al-Kamil?
Sixth Crusade(1228–1229) Ayyubid Sultanate Holy Roman Empire Teutonic Order

Kingdom of Sicily

StalemateDiplomatic Crusader victory Al-Kamil?
Baron's Crusade

(1239–1241)

Ayyubid Sultanate Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar

Teutonic Order

Knights Hospitaller

Defeat As-Salih Ayyub?

Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsSultanEgyptian
losses
Seventh Crusade
(1248 - 1254)
Ayyubid Sultanate
Mamluk Sultanate
Kingdom of France
Knights Templar
Victory Aybak?
Mongol invasions of the Levant
(1260 - 1323)
Mamluk Sultanate
Ayyubid Sultanate
Golden Horde
Ilkhanate
Armenian Cicilia
Kingdom of Georgia
Sultanate of Rum
Principality of Antioch
County of Tripoli
Golden Horde
Kingdom of England
Knights Templar
Victory
  • Treaty of Aleppo
Qutuz?
Ninth Crusade
(1271 - 1272)
Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of England
Kingdom of France
Cicilian Armenia
Kingdom of Cyprus
Kingdom of Jerusalem
County of Tripoli
Ilkhanate
Victory
  • Ten-year truce between warring sides.
Baibars?
Alexandrian Crusade
(1365)
Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of Cyprus
Knights Hospitaller
Republic of Venice
Defeat
  • Alexandria sacked.
Al-Ashraf Sha'ban?
Mamluk campaigns of Cyprus
(1424 - 1426)
Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of CyprusVictory
  • Cyprus becomes a tributary state
Barsbay?
Ottoman–Mamluk War
(1485 - 1491)
Mamluk Sultanate Ottoman EmpireVictory
  • Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted.
Qaitbay?
Mamluk-Portuguese War
(1505 - 1517)
Mamluk Sultanate Kingdom of PortugalDefeat Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri?
Mamluk-Tahirid war(1515–1517) Mamluk SultanateTahirid SultanateVictory
  • The entire Tahirid realm fell under the Mamluks with the exception of Aden
  • Mamluk fleet sets up a tributary regime in Zabid
?
Ottoman–Mamluk War
(1516 - 1517)
Mamluk Sultanate Ottoman EmpireDefeat
  • Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.
?

Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Khedivate of Egypt (1803–1914)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsHead of StateEgyptian
losses
Fraser Expedition
(1807)
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt British EmpireVictory Muhammad Ali of Egypt?
Egyptian–Saudi War
(1811 - 1818)
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt Emirate of DiriyahVictory 8,000 casualties[13]
Egyptian conquest of Sudan(1820 - 1824) Ottoman Egypt Funj SudanVictory ?
Greek War of Independence
(1821 - 1829)
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt Kingdom of GreeceDefeat over 8,000[14]
First Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1831 - 1833)
Ottoman Egypt Ottoman EmpireVictory 792[15]
Ottoman-Ethiopian border conflicts
(1832 - 1848)
Ottoman EgyptInconclusive?
Expedition to Najd (1836)
(1836)
Ottoman Egypt Emirate of NajdVictory
  • Egyptian influence in the Middle East until 1840.
?
1838 Druze revolt
(1838)
Egypt Eyalet Druze clansVictory
  • Peace agreement signed
  • Egyptian rule restored
  • Druze exempted from conscriptions
~400[16]
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1839 - 1841)
Ottoman Egypt Ottoman Empire
British Empire
Defeat 1,100+
Crimean War
(1853 - 1856)
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Egypt
French Empire
British Empire
Russian EmpireVictory Abbas I of Egypt?
Cretan revolt
(1866 - 1869)
Ottoman Empire Khedivate of Egypt Cretan revolutionaries
Kingdom of Greece
VictoryIsma'il Pasha1,333
Ethiopian–Egyptian War
(1874 - 1876)
Khedivate of Egypt Ethiopian EmpireDefeat
  • Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia repelled
13,000+[17]
Egyptian invasion of the Eastern Horn of Africa (1874–1885) Khedivate of EgyptSultanate of AussaAfran QalloVictory ?
Serbian–Turkish Wars
(1876 - 1878)

(from 1877)
Defeat
  • Serbia gains independence from the Ottomans
?
Russo-Turkish War
(1877 - 1878)
Defeat ?
‘Urabi Revolt
(1879 - 1882)
Tewfik Pasha Forces
British Empire
Ahmed ‘Urabi ForcesDefeat of ‘Urabi Tewfik of Egypt2,250[18]
Mahdist War
(1881 - 1899)
Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt (British Occupation)
British Empire
Italian Empire

Ethiopia
Mahdist SudanVictory 13,102[19] [20] [21]

Sultanate of Egypt (British Protectorate) (1914–1922)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsHead of StateEgyptian
losses
World War I
(1914 - 1918)

British Empire












Hejaz

Armenia
Nejd and Hasa
Siam

German Empire


Bulgaria

Senusiyya

Victory Hussein Kamel14,763+
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
(1916)
Sultanate of DarfurVictory
  • Darfur becomes a province of Sudan
5
Egyptian Revolution
(1919)
British Empire Diplomatic Revolutionary Victory Fuad I800

Kingdom of Egypt (1919–1953)

ConflictCombatant 1Combatant 2ResultsHead of StateEgyptian
losses
World War II
(1939 - 1945)

United States
United Kingdom

France
Poland


Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Denmark
Norway

Canada
Australia
Kingdom of Egypt
New Zealand


Philippines
Ethiopia
Brazil
Mexico
Mongolia








Finland

Thailand
Victory Farouk I1,125[22]
Abdeen Palace incident
(1942)
Kingdom of Egypt United KingdomDefeat
First Arab–Israeli War
(1948 - 1949)
Kingdom of Egypt
Kingdom of Iraq
Holy War Army
Emirate of Transjordan
Republic of Syria

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Kingdom of North Yemen
Republic of Lebanon
Arab Liberation Army

Defeat 1,161-
2,000[23]
Egyptian Revolution
(1952)
Kingdom of Egypt Free OfficersFree Officers' Victory 2

United Arab Republic (1958–1971)

ConflictEgypt
and allies
OpponentsResultsHead of StateMinister of
Defense
Egyptian
losses
MilitaryCivilians
North Yemen Civil War
(1962 - 1967)

United Arab Republic

Stalemate Gamal Abdel NasserAbdel Wahab el-Beshry26,000 dead[28] None
Sand War
(1963)

United Arab Republic
Stalemate
  • The closing of the border south of Figuig
UnknownNone
Six-Day War
(1967)
United Arab Republic

Jordan
Iraq
Defeat Shams Badran9,800–15,000 killed or missing[29] [30] Unknown
War of Attrition
(1967 - 1970)
United Arab Republic
Soviet Union
PLO
Jordan
Both sides claimed victory Mohamed Fawzi2,882[31] –10,000[32]
Nigerian Civil War
(1967 - 1970)

United Arab Republic
Victory (Limited Involvement) UnknownNone

Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)

ConflictEgypt
and allies
OpponentsResultsHead of StateMinister of
Defense
Egyptian
losses
MilitaryCivilians
Yom Kippur War
(1973)
Federation of Arab Republics

Iraq
Jordan

Morocco


[33] [34] <

-- Egypt, Syria, and Libya all had the same flag in 1972, see Flag of Syria (historical section) and and the current flag was introduced in 1980 -->Defeat[35] (Strategic Political Gains)[36] Anwar SadatAhmad Ismail Ali5,000[38] –15,000[39] deadUnknown
Shaba I
(1977)


Egypt
FNLCVictory
  • FNCL expelled from Katanga
Mohamed el-GamasyNoneNone
Egyptian–Libyan War
(1977)
Egypt LibyaCeasefire ~100Unknown
Egyptian conscripts riot
(1986)
Egyptian Army Central Security ForcesEgyptian Army Victory
  • Riot suppressed
  • Mubarak regime promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps
Hosni MubarakAbd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala 107[40] None
Gulf War
(1990 - 1991)

United States









IraqVictory Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb11[41] [42] None
War on terror
(2001 - present)
------------(note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations) Afghan Taliban (until 2021)
Pakistani Taliban----
Ongoing
  • Ongoing conflict
Mohamed Tantawi??
2011 Egyptian revolution
(2011)
Pro-Government: Opposition Groups: Pro-Government Victory
Sinai Insurgency
(2011 - 2023)


United Arab Emirates
Islamic StateOngoing
  • Ongoing Conflict
Mohamed Tantawi3,277 killed (2013-2022)
12,280 Injured (2013–2022)[56]
1,539+ Egyptian,[57] [58] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian,[59] 3 South Koreans,[60] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans,[61] 1 Croatian[62]
2013 Egyptian coup d'état
(2013)
Egyptian Government
Muslim Brotherhood

---- Pro-Morsi protesters----Supported by:


Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Supreme Council of the Armed Forces VictoryPresident Mohamed Morsi deposed by the Egyptian army Mohamed MorsiAbdel Fattah al-Sisi1,150+[64] [65]
Second Libyan Civil War
(2015 - 2020)


GNC
Shura Council
Islamic State
Victory (limited involvement) Abdel Fattah el-SisiSedki SobhiNone21
Intervention In Yemen
(2015 -)
Hadi government
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Senegal
Sudan
Qatar
Bahrain
Kuwait
Jordan
Morocco
Egypt
France
Revolutionary Council Ongoing
  • Houthis dissolve Yemeni government.
  • Houthis take control of northern Yemen.
NoneNone

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC. The Oriental Institute. 30 June 2023.
  2. Somaglino . Claire . Tallet . Pierre . Gebel Sheikh Suleiman : a First Dynasty Relief after all... . Archéo-Nil 25 . 2015 . en.
  3. Book: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. 144.
  4. Book: The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. 100.
  5. Book: Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. 107.
  6. Book: Simpson, William K.. Sesostris II. Wolfgang Helck. Lexikon der Ägyptologie Vol. 5. Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. 1984. 3447024895. 895.
  7. Book: Breasted, J.H. . Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One . 1906 . Chicago . 640–673.
  8. Book: Breasted, J.H. . Ancient Records of Egypt: Part One . 1906 . Chicago . 652.
  9. Book: Pritchard . James B. . Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement . 2016 . Princeton University Press . 978-1-4008-8276-2 . 230 . en.
  10. Book: Steindorff. George. Seele. Keith. When Egypt Ruled the East. 55. University of Chicago. 1942.
  11. Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 256.
  12. Book: Coogan, Michael David . Michael Coogan . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . 2001 . Oxford University Press . 9780195139372 . 261.
  13. The era of Muhammad Ali, pp. 131-pg. 132 by Abd al-Rahman al-Rafei.
  14. Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 241.
  15. Lt. Col. Osama Shams El-Din. "A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War." United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a479427.pdf PDF
  16. Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75
  17. Book: Dunn . John P. . Khedive Ismail's Army . 2005 . Routledge . 150 . 9780714657042 .
  18. Book: Wright . William . A Tidy Little War: The British Invasion of Egypt, 1882 . 2009 . Spellmount.
  19. Snook, op.cit., p.13
  20. Churchill p. 30
  21. Churchill p. 33
  22. Book: Heike . Liebau . Katrin . Bromber . Katharina . Lange . Dyala . Hamzah . Ravi . Ahuja . 1 . World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia . limited . Studies in Global Social History . Boston . Brill . 2010 . 227 . 978-90-04-18545-6.
  23. Web site: Wars of the World: Israeli War of Independence 1948–1949 . Onwar.com . 29 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120406090925/http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/ink/israel/fisrael1948.htm . 6 April 2012 . dead .
  24. Tal (2001) p 203
  25. Book: Mart, Michelle . Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally . 159 . 0791466876 . 2006-02-09 . SUNY Press .
  26. Stewart (2013) p 133
  27. Tal (2001) p 203
  28. Pollack (2002), p. 56
  29. El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.
  30. Herzog 1982, p. 165.
  31. [Saad el-Shazly]
  32. [Benny Morris]
  33. Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
  34. Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
  35. References:
    • Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
    • Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
    • Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
    • Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
    • Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2
    • Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
    • Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
  36. News: How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the . Loyola. Mario. 7 October 2013. National Review. 1. 2 December 2013.
  37. News: How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the . Loyola. Mario. 7 October 2013. National Review. 1. 2 December 2013.
  38. Garwych, p. 243.
  39. Herzog, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing House, 1974, p. 87.
  40. Europa Publications Limited, The Middle East & North Africa, Volume 50: p.303
  41. Schmitt, Eric (22 March 1991). "After the War". The New York Times.
  42. https://apnews.com/6f675aabb4b07225fea68fa64e3f976c "Soldier Reported Dead Shows Up at Parents' Doorstep"
  43. Web site: Egypt's prime minister quits, new govt soon-army . Forexyard.com . 5 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110501033518/http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Egypts-prime-minsiter-quits-new-govt-soon-army-2011-03-03T093300Z . 2011-05-01.
  44. https://web.archive.org/web/20110215082342/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110211-713327.html Egypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over
  45. News: Reuters. Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution. Haaretz. 29 November 2010. 24 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110214075534/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-s-military-moves-to-dissolve-parliament-suspend-constitution-1.343140. 14 February 2011. live.
  46. News: Egyptian state security disbanded . 15 March 2011 . 15 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110316103017/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/20113151885983516.html. 16 March 2011. live.
  47. Egypt dissolves former ruling party http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html
  48. Web site: How the mighty have fallen . . 2 February 2011 . 23 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110501064050/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1036/eg31.htm . 1 May 2011 . dead.
  49. News: Prosecutors Order Mubarak and Sons Held . The New York Times . 13 March 2011 . David D. . Kirkpatrick . Liam . Stack . 13 April 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110416093740/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/world/middleeast/14egypt.html?_r=1. 16 April 2011 . live.
  50. News: Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters. Reuters . 24 May 2011. 24 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110531105100/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/us-egypt-mubarak-idUSTRE74N3LG20110524. 31 May 2011. live.
  51. News: Egypt's state of emergency ends after 31 years . London . The Daily Telegraph . 31 May 2012.
  52. News: Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president . CBS News . 30 June 2012 . 17 November 2012.
  53. Web site: 846 killed in Egypt uprising. 20 April 2011. Haaretz. 20 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110420102838/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/government-fact-finding-mission-shows-846-killed-in-egypt-uprising-1.356885. 20 April 2011. live.
  54. Web site: 924 killed in Egyptian Revolution. 31 December 2011. 31 December 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120106234947/http://elbadil.net/%D9%87%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-2011-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87/ . 2012-01-06.
  55. Web site: Activists on Facebook: the military killed 99 and wounded 2702 in 10 months . Tahrirnews.com . 30 December 2011 . 6 January 2012.
  56. News: Egypt has lost more than 3,000 in fight against militants since 2013, says El Sisi . 27 April 2022 . The national News . 27 April 2022.
  57. Web site: The Heavy Civilian Toll in Sinai. 30 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190330182719/https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/68296. 30 March 2019. live. dmy-all.
  58. Web site: Death toll in Egypt mosque attack rises to more than 300. 30 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190330175708/https://www.france24.com/en/20171125-death-toll-egypt-mosque-attack-rises-more-300. 30 March 2019. live. dmy-all. 25 November 2017.
  59. Web site: Russian plane crash in Egypt: It's too early to determine cause, officials say. 30 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190330175709/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/02/africa/russian-plane-crash-egypt-sinai/. 30 March 2019. live. dmy-all.
  60. Web site: South Korean church mourns after Egypt bombing. 30 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190330193158/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/02/17/world/south-korean-church-mourns-after-egypt-bombing/#.XJ-shVVKiUk. 30 March 2019. live. dmy-all.
  61. News: Three Vietnamese tourists, guide killed by Egypt roadside bomb. The Straits Times. 29 December 2018. 30 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20181230160839/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/two-vietnamese-tourists-killed-10-injured-by-roadside-bomb-in-egypt. 30 December 2018. live. dmy-all.
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