List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs explained

Conflict:Mughal-Sikh Wars
Place:North India
Combatant1: Mughal Empire
Combatant2: Akal Sena (1621 - 1699)
Khalsa Fauj (1699 - 1748)
First Sikh State (1709-1715)
Sikh Confederacy (1748 - 1788)
Date:1621 – 12 March 1788
Commander1:Mughal Emperors
Jahangir I
Shah Jahan I
Alamgir I
Azam Shah
Shah Alam I
Jahandar Shah
Farrukhsiyar
Rafi ud-Darajat
Shah Jahan II
Muhammad Shah
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Shah Alam II

Mughal Governors
Kale Khan
Qutab Khan
Adina Beg
Wazir Khan
Dilwaar Khan
Mian Khan
Nasar-ul-Mulk
Abd al-Samad Khan
Zakariyya Khan
Salabat Khan
Yahya Khan
Shahnawaz Khan
Moin-ul-Mulk
Abdul Khan
Zabardast Khan Mughal Generals
Mukhlis Khan
Lal Beg
Qumer Beg
Painde Khan
Hussain Khan
Nahar Khan
Gharit Khan
Shamas Khan
Nahid Khan
Din Beg
Zain Khan Sirhindi
Khwaja Muhammad
Muhammad Yarbeg Khan
Ahmed Khan
Fateh Khan
Jamal Khan
Commander2:Sikh Gurus
Guru Hargobind Sahib
Guru Har Rai Sahib
Guru Gobind Singh
Sikh Generals
Bhai Jattu
Bidhi Chand
Baba Gurditta
Bhai Sohela
Bhatt Kirat
Bhai Desu
Bhai Bhano
Tyag Mal
Ajit Singh
Jujhar Singh
Bhai Daya Singh
Bhai Dharam Singh
Bhai Himmat Singh
Bhai Mohkam Singh
Bhai Sahib Singh
Mata Bhag Kaur
Banda Singh Bahadur
Baj Singh
Binod Singh
Bhai Mani Singh
Baba Deep Singh
Baba Darbara Singh
Nawab Kapur Singh
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Baghel Singh
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
Charat Singh
Sukha Singh
Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya
Tara Singh Ghaiba
Jai Singh Kanhaiya
Partof:the decline of the Mughal Empire

Many battles and campaigns between the armies of the Mughal Empire and various Sikh states took place, and started with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev in 1606, on the orders of Mughal emperor Jahangir. Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Sikh guru, introduced the militarization to Sikhi. In response to his father's execution, he established the Akal Sena and fought several battles against the Mughal army and defeated them. Later, the ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was also executed on the orders of Aurangzeb in 1675, after he refused to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last human Sikh guru, started the Khalsa tradition and fought further battles against the Mughals and their allies. Before Guru Gobind Singh's passing in 1708, he appointed his newly converted Sikh, Banda Singh Bahadur as the leader of the Khalsa Fauj and ordered him to go fight in Punjab. Banda Singh Bahadur fought further battles against the Mughal's and their allies and established the first Khalsa Rule in 1710 but was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. After this, the Sikhs later reorganized themselves into Misls creating the Dal Khalsa which fought further battles against the Mughals under the leadership of Nawab Kapur Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and other Misl leaders. The Dal Khalsa was victorious in the last major battle in 1783 with a few smaller fights happening until the conflict ended in 1788.

Battles

Conflict (Period) BelligerentsOpponents Outcome
Battle of Rohilla
(1621)
Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Sangrana (1628)Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Amritsar (1634)
Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Lahira
(1634)
Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Kartarpur
(1635)
Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Phagwara (1635)Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Kiratpur (1638)Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Sutlej (1652)Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Kiratpur (1658)Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Nadaun
(1691)
Akal Sena, Kahlur StateMughal EmpireCombined victory of Sikhs and Kahlur State
Battle of Anandpur (1695)Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Guler (1696)Akal SenaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Anandpur (1700)Khalsa FaujMughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja'sKhalsa victory
Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Basoli
(1702)[1]
Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
First battle of Chamkaur
(1702)
Khalsa FaujMughal Empire, Raja's of Sivalik HillsKhalsa victory
First Battle of Anandpur (1704)Khalsa FaujMughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik HillsKhalsa victory
Second Siege of Anandpur (1704)Khalsa FaujMughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik HillsCombined victory of Mughals and Hill Rajas
  • Mughal and Hill Rajas betrayed the Sikhs and broke the vows of Allah, Quran and the cow.[2]
Battle of Sarsa
(1704)
Khalsa FaujMughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja'sCombined victory of Mughals and Hill Rajas
  • The Mughals and Hill's kings betrayed the Sikhs and broke the vows of their God and the Quran.
Battle of Shahi Tibbi
(1704)
Khalsa FaujMughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja'sKhalsa victory
  • The Mughals and Shivalik Hill kings were forced to retreat and the Sikhs fought bravely along with Baba Ajit Singh and those Sikhs gained martyrdom excluding Baba Ajit Singh.
Battle of Chamkaur (1704)[3] [4] [5] [6] Khalsa FaujMughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik HillsMughal victory
Battle of Muktsar
(1705)
Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
  • Wazir Khan retreats
Battle of Jajau (1707)
[7] [8] [9] [10]
Bahadur Shah IKhalsa FaujMuhammad AzamBahadur Shah victory
  • Seeing the complex situation in Malwa, Bahadur Shah asked Guru Gobind Singh for help. The Guru sent Bhai Dharam Singh to fight with 300 soldiers. Azam Shah killed by Guru Gobind Singh and Isha Khan Main.
Battle of Chittorgarh (1708)Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireMughal victory
  • Zorawar Singh Palit and his 20 Sikhs killed after causing heavy casualties to the Mughals
Battle of Amritsar (1709)Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Sonipat
(1709)
Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Samana
(1709)
Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Kapuri (1709)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Sadhaura
(1710)[11] [12] [13]
First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
  • Banda Singh Bahadur capture Sadhaura
Battle of Ropar (1710)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Chappar Chiri
(1710)
First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Siege of Sirhind
(1710)
First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
  • Establishment of Sikh rule from Lahore to the sanctum sanctorum of Delhi
  • Sucha Nand killed by Banda Singh Bahadur and thousands of Mughal soldiers killed by Sikhs and those people who are involved in martyrdom of Guru Gobind Singh younger sons (Saka Sirhind affair)
Battle of Saharanpur (1710)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Jalalabad (1710)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
Siege of Kotla Begum (1710)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Bhilowal (1710)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Rahon (1710)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Thanesar (1710)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
Siege of Lohgarh
(1710)
First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
Battle of Bahrampar (1711)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
  • Mughal faujdar of Jammu Qutab-ud-Din Khan Kheshgi killed
  • Khan's son, Shams Khan, also killed
Battle of Hoshiarpur (1711)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
Battle of Kalanaur (1711)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Batala (1711)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Aurangabad (1711)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Pasrur (1711)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Jammu
(1712)
First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
Battle of Sadhaura (1712)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Lohgarh (1712)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Siege of Sadhaura (1713)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
  • Sadhaura retaken by the Mughals after a Siege
  • Banda Singh Bahadur escapes
Battle of Lohgarh (1713)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
  • Mughals fail to kill or capture Banda Singh Bahadur
Battle of Kiri Pathan (1714)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Ropar (1714)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
  • 200 Sikhs killed out of 7000
  • Sikhs retreat to Shivalik Hills
Battle of Gurdas Nangal (1715)First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
Siege of Gurdaspur
(1715)
First Sikh StateMughal EmpireMughal victory
  • Banda Singh Bahadur and his soldiers captured and later executed
  • First Sikh State conquered by the Mughal Empire
Massacre of the Sikhs (1716)Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireMughal VictoryMughal victory
Battle of Wan (1726)Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireMughal victory
Battle of Thikriwala (1731)Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Sunam (1735)Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Sirhind (1735)Khalsa FaujMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Basarke (1736)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Amritsar (1738)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Samad Khan's expedition against the Sikhs (1738)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Sarai Nurdin (1739)Bhai Bota Singh and Bhai Garja SinghMughal EmpireMughal victory
  • Mughals suffer high casualties compared to Sikhs.
Battle of Rorī Sahib (1746)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Kahnuwan (1746)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireMughal victory
Battle of Kasur (1747)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireMughal victory
Battle of Sodhra and Badra (1748)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Battle of Khanpur (1748)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Siege of Amritsar (1748)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireKhalsa victory
Siege of Ram Rauni (1748–1749)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Multan (1749)Kaura Mal
Dal Khalsa
Shah Nawaz KhanKaura Mal and Sikh victory
Battle of Jalandhar (1750)Dallewalia MislMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Nadaun (1752)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Anandpur (1753)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Lahore (1753)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
  • Prisoners from Lahore freed by the Khalsa
Battle of Fatehabad (1753)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Patti (1754)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Delhi (1764)Bharatpur State Mughal EmpireBharatpur and Sikh victory
Sikh raids on Delhi (1764–1788)Dal KhalsaMughal Empire and AlliesSikh victory
Battle of Panipat (1766)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Sonipat (1766)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Karnal (1767)Dal KhalsaMughal Empire and Gwalior StateSikh victory
Battle of Ghazi-U-Din-Nagar (1768)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Anupshahar (1768)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Fourth Battle of Panipat (1770)Dal KhalsaMughal Empire and RohillasSikh victory
Attack on Delhi (1770)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Siege of Kunjpura (1772)Dal KhalsaMughal Empire, Durrani Empire and Maratha EmpireSikh victory
Siege of Jind (1776)Mughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Ghanaur (1778)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Attack on Delhi to Rakabganj(1778)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Siege of Patiala (1779)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Shafi's campaign against the Sikhs (1780–1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Baghpat (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Sardana (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Mawana (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Muradnagar (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Patparganj (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Shahdara (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Sheikhpura (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Barnawa (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Sirhind (1781)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Sikh raids on Delhi to Hardwar(1782)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Delhi (1783)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Raid of Delhi(1784)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Raids from Panipat to Delhi (1786)Dal KhalsaMughal Empire and Gwalior StateSikh victory
Raids from Agra to Delhi (1787)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Battle of Shahdara (1787)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Attack on Red Fort (1787)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory
Attack on Delhi(1788)Dal KhalsaMughal EmpireSikh victory

See also

References

Sources:

Notes and References

  1. Book: History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Surjit Singh Gandhi. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.. 2007. 9788126908585. 820.
  2. Book: Fenech, Louis E. . The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh : a discursive blade in the heart of the Mughal Empire . 2013 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-998060-4 . New York . 165 . 826068533.
  3. Book: Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace . 9380213646. Raju. Karam Singh. 1999. Sanbun Publishers .
  4. Book: Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice. 978-0-19-908877-5. Malhotra. Anshu. Mir. Farina. 2012-02-21. Oxford University Press.
  5. Book: The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. 978-0-19-993145-3. Fenech. Louis E.. 2013. Oup USA .
  6. Book: History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Surjit Singh Gandhi. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.. 2007. 9788126908585. 822.
  7. Web site: Episode-39 (Panj Pyare-2 Bhai Dharam Singh & Dr, Daulat Sngh) – Avatar Meher Baba Prasar Kendra. 2020-10-16. en-US.
  8. Web site: Punj Piare ~ Bhai Dharam Singh Anandpur Sahib SinghSahib.com ~ a complete portal on Sikhism. 2020-10-16. www.singhsahib.com.
  9. Web site: Bhati. Sandeep. 2016-12-01. Bhai Dharam Singh. 2020-10-16. Speaking Tree. en.
  10. Web site: Gurdwara Bhai Daya Singh Bhai Dharam Singh Nanded Discover Sikhism. 2020-10-16. www.discoversikhism.com.
  11. Book: Sagoo, Harbans. Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty. 2001. Deep & Deep Publications.
  12. Book: The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years. Raj Pal Singh. Pentagon Press. 2004. 9788186505465. 46–47.
  13. Book: Singha, H.S.. Sikh Studies, Book 7. 2005. Hemkunt Press. 9788170102458. 34.