Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em World Tour Explained
Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em World Tour is the first world tour by American recording artist MC Hammer to promote his album Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em.[1] It was sponsored by Pepsi-Cola and promoted by MTV. Beginning in Louisville, Kentucky, on June 15, 1990, it visited North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, concluded in Paso Robles, California, on August 3, 1991. With a total of 144 shows, it grossed over $32 million.[2]
The tour was a box office success. Pollstar ranked Hammer at seventh on the Top 10 highest-grossing act to tour U.S. of 1990. Also, it received generally positive reviews by the critics while some praising Hammer's energetic stage performance. Several acts were selected as opening acts of the tour. The first shows in United States were opened After 7, Michel'le, and Oaktown's 3.5.7 and later by En Vogue and fellow rapper Vanilla Ice. The European leg was supported by Snap! and the last leg by the group B Angie B.
Background
By June 1990, Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em become the first rap album to top the pop charts and by August it become the best-selling rap album of all time, surpassing License to Ill by Beastie Boys.[3] Initial plans to tour the tour stated that it would visit North America, Europe, Japan and Australia. However, more shows were added due the high demand of tickets. Hammer led a 30-member troupe that included a live band, 10 backup singers, 15 dancers and some of the flashiest fashions this side of Mardi Gras. On the first concerts, the show consisted on five acts, four opening acts: Troop, After 7, Michel'le and Oaktown's 3.5.7 and the main act MC Hammer.[4] The main artist performance was 80 to 90 minutes, with eight dancers and 10 backup singers. Fellow rapper Vanilla Ice also was selected as opening act until the end of November 1990, when he dropped out to do his own tour as a headliner.[5]
During the tour, Hammer traveled by private Boeing 727 jet, the touring group included fifteen dancers, a dozen background singers, eight security, seven musicians, three valets and two DJs.[6] According to some media outlets, rap fans had never seen anything of the magnitude of the Hammer Don't Hurt ’Em stadium gigs, which recalled Parliament-Funkadelic’s army-size traveling heyday in the 1970s.[7] The first North America leg received several sponsors, including MTV, Pepsi, and Kentucky Fried Chicken.[8] The European and Asia legs were sponsored by Pepsi.
Reception
Critical reception
The tour received generally positive reviews by the critics praising Hammer's performance and charisma on stage. Rolling Stone claimed that the tour was "the most elaborate live show ever mounted by a rap entertainer". David Surkamp gave a positive review of the St. Louis concert and wrote "M.C. Hammer Delivers Knockout Performance".[9] Reggie Matthews gave a positive review to the concert at San Diego Sports Arena, stating "Thanks to Hammer, rap is no longer pomp, stroll, strut and attitude. It now features the latest dance crazes and synchronized choreography".[10] Patricia Smith attended the Rosemont Horizon show and wrote "he and his energetic posse had loosened a few ceiling fixtures, interfered with air traffic control at nearby O'Hare Airport and assured every single gasping audience member that they'd gotten more than their money's worth".[11] In Canada, Rod Campbell attended the concert in Edmonton and wrote a positive review titled "M.C. Hammer nails crowd; Rap's first superstar dazzles with dynamic show".[12]
On a less positive note, John Lannert from Sun Sentinel reviewed the concert of June 30, 1990, at Miami Arena stating "Hammer did not rap enough or dance enough, and was weighed down throughout the concert by an overblown stage-side production that condemned the show to a sputtering, momentum-killing pace".[13] Parry Gettleman from the Orlando Sentinel gave a positive review to the opening act After 7 stating "showed a vocal mix and elegant style recalling the Temptations and the Spinners", however criticized the main act performance, stating "It's a shame Hammer sometimes confused performing and cheerleading, because when he stuck to the former, Hammer time' was enjoyable."[14] Steve Morse gave a mixed review to the concert at Worcester on a review titled "Hammer Time' Misses a Beat".[15]
Commercial reception
The tour was a commercial success with several shows reported sold out while other cities added more shows due the high demand. Initially, the summer leg in North America was planned to be around 50 to 60 shows, however, more shows were added.[16] Ticket prices for the North America leg were between $17 and $30. The Miami arena concert was reported "packed" with 15,000 fans. The concert of July 1, 1990, in Tampa, was reported with 10,000 fans.[17] The concert at the Wings Stadium in Kalamazoo had attendance of 8,100 and over 10,000 in Atlanta at The Omni.[18] In Canada, over 6,000 fans were reported at the Montreal concert.[19] On December 20, 1990, around 1,000 fans asked for refunds after learning that the opening acts En Vogue and Vanilla Ice did not show up.[20] Also, media reported that just 3,000 of the 25,000 tickets were sold of the Tacoma Dome concert on July 26, 1991.[21]
By January 1991, Hammer was ranked seventh at Pollstar Top 10 highest-grossing act to tour U.S. for grossing US$26.3 million of 138 shows in 132 cities.[22] In Japan, 55,000 tickets were sold for the first concert at the Tokyo Dome. Due to the high demand another show was added.[23] The concert in Auckland, New Zealand, was reported sold out. Several shows were added at the Wembley Arena in London due the high demand.[24] According to Billboard, by the end of the tour, it grossed over US$32 million in 144 shows around the world.[25]
Tour dates
Date | City | Country | Venue |
---|
June 15, 1990[26] | Louisville | United States | Louisville Gardens |
June 21, 1990 | Knoxville | Thompson-Boling Arena |
June 24, 1990 | Antioch | Starwood Amphitheatre |
June 28, 1990 | Tallahassee | Leon County Civic Center |
June 30, 1990 | Miami | Miami Arena |
July 1, 1990 | Tampa | USF Sun Dome |
July 4, 1990 | Grove City | Capital Music Center |
July 6, 1990 | St. Louis | St. Louis Arena |
July 7, 1990 | Kansas City | Kemper Arena |
July 8, 1990 | Kalamazoo | Wings Stadium |
July 12, 1990 | Greenville | Greenville Memorial Auditorium |
July 13, 1990 | Augusta | Augusta Civic Center |
July 18, 1990 | Huntsville | Von Braun Center |
July 19, 1990 | Chattanooga | UTC Arena |
July 21, 1990 | Hampton | Hampton Coliseum |
July 22, 1990[27] | Baltimore | Baltimore Arena |
July 26, 1990 | Pittsburgh | Civic Arena |
July 27, 1990 | Philadelphia | Spectrum |
July 29, 1990 | Landover | Capital Centre |
August 1, 1990 | Alburquerque | Tingley Coliseum |
August 2, 1990 | Phoenix | Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum |
August 3, 1990 | Las Vegas | Thomas & Mack Center |
August 4, 1990 | San Diego | San Diego Sports Arena |
August 5, 1990 | Sacramento | ARCO Arena |
August 7, 1990 | Salt Lake CIty | Salt Palace |
August 8, 1990[28] | Denver | McNichols Sports Arena |
August 10, 1990 | Oklahoma City | Myriad Convention Center |
August 11, 1990 | Houston | The Summit |
August 12, 1990 | Baton Rouge | Riverside Centroplex |
August 13, 1990 | Pensacola | Pensacola Civic Center |
August 15, 1990 | Cincinnati | Riverfront Coliseum |
August 16, 1990 | Saginaw | Wendler Arena |
August 17, 1990[29] | Rosemont | Rosemont Horizon |
August 18, 1990 | Detroit | Joe Louis Arena |
August 20, 1990 | Rockford | MetroCentre |
August 24, 1990[30] | Orlando | Orlando Arena |
August 31, 1990 | Dallas | Reunion Arena |
September 2, 1990 | Atlanta | The Omni |
September 9, 1990 | Fresno | Selland Arena |
September 13, 1990 | Inglewood | Great Western Forum |
September 15, 1990 | Philadelphia | Veterans Stadium |
September 18, 1990 | Omaha | Omaha Civic Auditorium |
September 19, 1990 | Cedar Rapids | Five Seasons Center |
September 20, 1990 | Peoria | Peoria Civic Center |
September 21, 1990 | Noblesville | Deer Creek Music Center |
September 23, 1990[31] | Bloomington | Met Center |
September 26, 1990 | Bethlehem | Stabler Arena |
September 27, 1990 | Worcester | Centrum |
September 28, 1990 | East Rutherford | Brendan Byrne Arena |
September 30, 1990 | Norfolk | Scope Arena |
October 4, 1990 | Roanoke | Roanoke Civic Center |
October 5, 1990 | Columbia | Carolina Coliseum |
October 7, 1990 | Fairfax | Patriot Center |
October 10, 1990 | Syracuse | Onondaga War Memorial Auditorium |
October 13, 1990 | Buffalo | Buffalo Memorial Auditorium |
October 14, 1990 | Albany | Knickerbocker Arena |
October 16, 1990 | Toronto | Canada | SkyDome |
October 17, 1990 | Montreal | Forum de Montreal |
October 19, 1990 | Richfield | United States | Richfield Coliseum |
October 20, 1990 | Carbondale | SIU Arena |
October 21, 1990 | Auburn Hills | The Palace of Auburn Hills |
October 22, 1990 | Madison | Dane County Memorial Coliseum |
October 25, 1990 | Kansas City | Kemper Arena |
October 26, 1990[32] | Champaign | Assembly Hall |
October 28, 1990 | MIlwaukee | Bradley Center |
October 30, 1990 | Kalamazoo | Wings Stadium |
November 2, 1990 | Fort Wayne | Allen Country War Memorial Coliseum |
November 3, 1990 | Columbia | Hearnes Center |
November 4, 1990[33] | Chicago | UIC Pavilion |
November 6, 1990 | Miami | Miami Arena |
November 8, 1990 | Tampa | USF Sun Dome |
November 9, 1990 | Macon | Macon Coliseum |
November 10, 1990 | Murfreesboro | Charles M. Murphy Athletic Center |
November 11, 1990 | Chapel Hill | Dean E. Smith Student Activities Center |
November 13, 1990 | Knoxville | Thompson-Boling Arena |
November 15, 1990 | Memphis | Mid-South Coliseum |
November 20, 1990 | Lafayette | Cajundome |
November 21, 1990 | Houston | The Summit |
November 22, 1990[34] | New Orleans | Lakefront Arena |
November 24, 1990 | Little Rock | Barton Coliseum |
November 30, 1990 | Denver | McNichols Sports Arena |
December 2, 1990[35] | Tucson | Tucson Convention Center |
December 3, 1990 | Tempe | ASU Activity Center |
December 5, 1990 | Sacramento | ARCO Arena |
December 6, 1990 | Fresno | Selland Arena |
December 7, 1990 | Long Beach | Long Beach Arena |
December 9, 1990 | Reno | Lawlor Events Center |
December 13, 1990 | Portland | Portland Memorial Coliseum |
December 15, 1990 | Vancouver | Canada | Pacific Coliseum |
December 17, 1990 | Portland | United States | Portland Memorial Coliseum |
December 20, 1990 | Boise | BSU Pavilion |
December 21, 1990 | Tacoma | Tacoma Dome |
Oceania and Asia |
---|
February 26, 1991 | Auckland | New Zealand | Mount Smart Stadium |
March 19, 1991 | Melbourne | Australia | Rod Laver Arena |
March 26, 1991 | Tokyo | Japan | Tokyo Dome |
March 27, 1991 |
March 29, 1991 | Manila | Philliphiness | Araneta Coliseum |
Europe[36] |
---|
April 6, 1991 | Rotterdam | Netherlands | Ahoy |
April 8, 1991 | Munich | Germany | Olympiahalle |
April 9, 1991 | Zurich | Switzerland | Hallenstadion |
April 11, 1991 | Madrid | Spain | Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid |
April 12, 1991 | Barcelona | Palau Sant Jordi |
April 16, 1991 | Frankfurt | Germany | Festhalle |
April 17, 1991 | Düsseldorf | Philipshalle |
April 20, 1991 | Paris | France | Le Zenith |
April 21, 1991 | Brussels | Belgium | Forest National |
April 24, 1991 | Berlin | Germany | Deutschlandhalle |
April 27, 1991 | Stockholm | Sweden | Globe Arena |
April 28, 1991 | Oslo | Norway | Oslo Spektrum |
May 2, 1991 | Birmingham | England | NEC Arena |
May 4, 1991 | London | Wembley Arena |
May 5, 1991 |
May 6, 1991[37] |
May 8, 1991 | Manchester | G-MEX Centre |
May 10, 1991 | London | Wembley Arena |
May 11, 1991 |
May 12, 1991 |
May 17, 1991[38] | Whitley Bay | Whitley Bay Ice Rink |
May 18, 1991 | Glasgow | Scotland | SECC Glasgow Hall 4 |
North America |
---|
June 21, 1991 | Knoxville | United States | Thompson-Boling Arena |
July 5, 1991 | Salem | L.B Day Amphitheatre |
July 26, 1991[39] | Tacoma | Tacoma Dome |
July 27, 1991[40] | Penticton | Canada | Kings Park |
July 28, 1991 | Calgary | Olympic Saddledome |
July 29, 1991 | Edmonton | Northlands Coliseum |
August 3, 1991 | Paso Robles | United States | California Mid-State Fairgrounds | |
Box office data
City | Country | Attendance | Box office |
---|
Bloomington | United States | 12,390 / 14,478 (86%) | $255,963[41] |
Knoxville | 9,210 / 12,006 (77%) | $161,153[42] |
Tallahassee | 9,648 / 10,006 (96%) | $154,275 |
Atlanta | 14,894 / 17,154 (87%) | $292,017[43] |
Richfield | 17,472 / 19,746 (88%) | $343,286[44] |
Philadelphia | 24,875 / 66,943 (37%) | $371,775[45] |
Worcester | 10,800 / 10,800 (100%) | $225,630[46] |
Fairfax | 8,743 / 10,000 (87%) | $186,997[47] |
Toronto | Canada | 11,053 / 14,000 (79%) | $260,128[48] |
Vancouver | 12,469 / 15,162 (82%) | $301,858[49] |
Arbun Hills | United States | 17,928 / 17,928 (100%) | $392,881[50] |
Madison | 10,250 / 10,250 (100%) | $199,246 |
Columbia | 10,366 / 10,366 (100%) | $195,673[51] |
Houston | 14,081 / 15,000 (94%) | $266,583[52] |
Carbondales | 8,087 / 10,800 (75%) | $148,325 |
London | United Kingdom | 11,500 / 11,500 (100%) | $295,463[53] |
Calgary | Canada | 7,062 / 12,197 (58%) | $176,670[54] |
Paso Robles | United States | 21,489 / 30,446 (71%) | $472,820[55] |
Total | 226,323 / 308,782 (73%) | $4,700,923 | |
---|
Notes
- Book: Lhamon, W. T. . Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop . 1998 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-74711-1 . en.
- Book: Company, Johnson Publishing . Jet . 1991-03-25 . Johnson Publishing Company . en.
- News: August 17, 1990 . Hammer Proves He's Got the Touch . 7O41 . Chicago Tribune . . subscription.
- Web site: Rapmaster M.C. Hammer Ready To Rock 'n' Roll in Oklahoma City . 2023-08-24 . The Oklahoman . en-US.
- Web site: M.C. Hammer . The Seattle Times . 2023-08-24.
- Ressner . Jeffrey . 1990-09-06 . Hammer Time . 2023-08-24 . Rolling Stone . en-US.
- Web site: Murphy . Keith . 2019-06-14 . The 20 greatest hip-hop tours of all time . 2023-08-24 . Andscape . en-US.
- Book: Roedy, Bill . What Makes Business Rock: Building the Worlds Largest Global Networks . 2011-04-12 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-118-08293-5 . en.
- News: July 8, 1990 . M.C. Hammer Delivers Knockout Performance . D2 . St. Louis Post . subscription . 1930-9600 . 404158548 . Proquest.
- News: Mattews . Reggie . August 6, 1990 . MC Hammer's rap is action-packed . D-5 . The San Diego Union . . subscription.
- News: Smith . Patricia . August 19, 1990 . Whew! For pure energy, Hammer is untouchable . Chicago Sun - Times . . subscription.
- News: Campbell . Rod . July 31, 1991 . M.C. Hammer nails crowd; Rap's first superstar dazzles with dynamic show . B10 . Edmonton Journal . . subscription.
- News: Lannert . John . July 2, 1990 . M.C. HAMMER DROPS ON CROWD WITH A THUD . Sun Sentinel . . subscription.
- News: Gentleman . Parry . August 25, 1990 . M.C. 'HAMMER TIME' TICKED BY SLOWLY SHOW DRAGGED WHEN RAP SINGER RESORTED TO CHEERLEADING . Orlando Sentinel . . subscription.
- News: Morse . Steve . September 28, 1990 . 'Hammer Time' Misses a Beat . Boston Globe . . subscription.
- Rap Musician M.C. Hammer Forms Own Record Label . Jet . 1990-07-09 . en.
- News: Carey . Jean . July 3, 1990 . M.C. Hammer drummed in hit after hit Sunday Series: CONCERT REVIEW . B.6 . St. Petersburg Times . . subscription.
- News: July 9, 1990 . M.C. Hammer is a smash hit with hot Wings Stadium crowd . The Grand Rapids Press . . subscription.
- News: Lepage . Mark . October 18, 1990 . M.C. Hammer fails to live up to the hype . The Gazette . . subscription.
- Web site: 1991-08-18 . CONCERT PROMOTERS, IDAHO SETTLE DISPUTE OVER M.C. HAMMER EVENT . 2023-08-24 . Deseret News . en.
- News: July 29, 1991 . PRIMED FOR HAMMER AT 8 P.M., FANS FINALLY SEE M.C. AT 10:30 . E1 . The Seattle Times . . subscription.
- News: Harrington . Richard . January 7, 1991 . New Kids on top of the block // Teen heartthrobs highest-grossing act to tour U.S . Austin American Statesman . subscription.
- News: February 18, 1991 . What's Next for M.C. Hammer? . Jet . . subscription.
- Book: Halligan . Benjamin . The Arena Concert: Music, Media and Mass Entertainment . Fairclough . Kirsty . Edgar . Robert . Spelman . Nicola . 2015-11-19 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 978-1-62892-556-2 . en.
- Reibman . Greg . November 9, 1991 . Haymon's Self -Made- Success Story Built Largest R &B Concert Promo Firm . 30 . Billboard .
- News: Holden . Stephen . June 20, 1990 . The Pop Life . C.14 . The New York Times . . subscription.
- News: July 28, 1990 . M.C. Hammer . Afro - American Red Star . . subscription.
- News: August 10, 1990 . M.C. Hammer Performance a Lot More Than 'Rap Light' . The Denver Post . . subscription.
- News: August 19, 1990 . M.C. Hammer a Rapper with Plenty of Appeal . Chicago Tribune . . subscription.
- News: July 20, 1990 . M.C. HAMMER TO LEAD RAP REDUX AT ARENA . Orlando Sentinel . . subscription.
- News: M.C. Hammer pounds away . September 24, 1990 . Star Tribune . . subscription.
- News: September 21, 1990 . M.C. Hammer to play at ISU . Pantagraph . . subscription.
- News: November 5, 1990 . The Hammer raps . Chicago Sun-Times . . subscription.
- News: November 23, 1990 . Parents and Kids Give Thanks for M.C. Hammer at Kiefer . Times - Picayune . . subscription.
- News: October 23, 1990 . M.C. Hammer to do 2 December shows . Arizona Daily Star . . subscription.
- Web site: Search for setlists: artist:(MC Hammer) date:[1991-01-01 TO 1991-12-31] (page 3) ]. 2023-08-22 . setlist.fm.
- Web site: MC HAMMER - TOUR DATES 1991 Full page UK magazine ad . 2023-08-24 . eBay . en-gb.
- Web site: Prints of American singer MC Hammer performs in concert at the Whitley Bay Ice Rink, Tyne and Wear . 2023-08-24 . Media Storehouse Photo Prints . en-AU.
- News: June 12, 1991 . M.C. HAMMER NAILS DOWN A SUMMER CONCERT AT THE TACOMA DOME . Seattle Post . . subscription.
- News: July 27, 1991 . Hammer ready to rap . The Globe and Mail . . subscription.
- October 6, 1990 . Boxscore - Top Concert Grosses - Week Oct. 6, 1990 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week July 14, 1990 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week Ending September 22, 1990 . Billboard .
- November 24, 1990 . BOXSCORE - Top 10 Concert Grosses . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosse Week ending September 29, 1990 . 48 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week October 13, 1990 . Billboard .
- October 27, 1990 . Boxscore - Top Concert Grosses . Billboard .
- November 3, 1990 . BOXSCORE BOSSES CONCERT . Billboard .
- January 26, 1991 . BOXSCORE - Top 10 Concert grosses . 41 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week November 11, 1990 . Billboard .
- November 17, 1990 . Boxscore - Top Concert Grosses . Billboard .
- December 15, 1990 . BOXSCORE . Billboard .
- Boxcore . Billboard .
- Boxscore- Top 10 Concert Grosses Week Ending August 10, 1991 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week ending August 31, 1991 . Billboard .
- Book: Lhamon, W. T. . Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop . 1998 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-74711-1 . en.
- Book: Company, Johnson Publishing . Jet . 1991-03-25 . Johnson Publishing Company . en.
- News: August 17, 1990 . Hammer Proves He's Got the Touch . 7O41 . Chicago Tribune . . subscription.
- Web site: Rapmaster M.C. Hammer Ready To Rock 'n' Roll in Oklahoma City . 2023-08-24 . The Oklahoman . en-US.
- Web site: M.C. Hammer . The Seattle Times . 2023-08-24.
- Ressner . Jeffrey . 1990-09-06 . Hammer Time . 2023-08-24 . Rolling Stone . en-US.
- Web site: Murphy . Keith . 2019-06-14 . The 20 greatest hip-hop tours of all time . 2023-08-24 . Andscape . en-US.
- Book: Roedy, Bill . What Makes Business Rock: Building the Worlds Largest Global Networks . 2011-04-12 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-118-08293-5 . en.
- News: July 8, 1990 . M.C. Hammer Delivers Knockout Performance . D2 . St. Louis Post . subscription . 1930-9600 . 404158548 . Proquest.
- News: Mattews . Reggie . August 6, 1990 . MC Hammer's rap is action-packed . D-5 . The San Diego Union . . subscription.
- News: Smith . Patricia . August 19, 1990 . Whew! For pure energy, Hammer is untouchable . Chicago Sun - Times . . subscription.
- News: Campbell . Rod . July 31, 1991 . M.C. Hammer nails crowd; Rap's first superstar dazzles with dynamic show . B10 . Edmonton Journal . . subscription.
- News: Lannert . John . July 2, 1990 . M.C. HAMMER DROPS ON CROWD WITH A THUD . Sun Sentinel . . subscription.
- News: Gentleman . Parry . August 25, 1990 . M.C. 'HAMMER TIME' TICKED BY SLOWLY SHOW DRAGGED WHEN RAP SINGER RESORTED TO CHEERLEADING . Orlando Sentinel . . subscription.
- News: Morse . Steve . September 28, 1990 . 'Hammer Time' Misses a Beat . Boston Globe . . subscription.
- Rap Musician M.C. Hammer Forms Own Record Label . Jet . 1990-07-09 . en.
- News: Carey . Jean . July 3, 1990 . M.C. Hammer drummed in hit after hit Sunday Series: CONCERT REVIEW . B.6 . St. Petersburg Times . . subscription.
- News: July 9, 1990 . M.C. Hammer is a smash hit with hot Wings Stadium crowd . The Grand Rapids Press . . subscription.
- News: Lepage . Mark . October 18, 1990 . M.C. Hammer fails to live up to the hype . The Gazette . . subscription.
- Web site: 1991-08-18 . CONCERT PROMOTERS, IDAHO SETTLE DISPUTE OVER M.C. HAMMER EVENT . 2023-08-24 . Deseret News . en.
- News: July 29, 1991 . PRIMED FOR HAMMER AT 8 P.M., FANS FINALLY SEE M.C. AT 10:30 . E1 . The Seattle Times . . subscription.
- News: Harrington . Richard . January 7, 1991 . New Kids on top of the block // Teen heartthrobs highest-grossing act to tour U.S . Austin American Statesman . subscription.
- News: February 18, 1991 . What's Next for M.C. Hammer? . Jet . . subscription.
- Book: Halligan . Benjamin . The Arena Concert: Music, Media and Mass Entertainment . Fairclough . Kirsty . Edgar . Robert . Spelman . Nicola . 2015-11-19 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 978-1-62892-556-2 . en.
- Reibman . Greg . November 9, 1991 . Haymon's Self -Made- Success Story Built Largest R &B Concert Promo Firm . 30 . Billboard .
- News: Holden . Stephen . June 20, 1990 . The Pop Life . C.14 . The New York Times . . subscription.
- News: July 28, 1990 . M.C. Hammer . Afro - American Red Star . . subscription.
- News: August 10, 1990 . M.C. Hammer Performance a Lot More Than 'Rap Light' . The Denver Post . . subscription.
- News: August 19, 1990 . M.C. Hammer a Rapper with Plenty of Appeal . Chicago Tribune . . subscription.
- News: July 20, 1990 . M.C. HAMMER TO LEAD RAP REDUX AT ARENA . Orlando Sentinel . . subscription.
- News: M.C. Hammer pounds away . September 24, 1990 . Star Tribune . . subscription.
- News: September 21, 1990 . M.C. Hammer to play at ISU . Pantagraph . . subscription.
- News: November 5, 1990 . The Hammer raps . Chicago Sun-Times . . subscription.
- News: November 23, 1990 . Parents and Kids Give Thanks for M.C. Hammer at Kiefer . Times - Picayune . . subscription.
- News: October 23, 1990 . M.C. Hammer to do 2 December shows . Arizona Daily Star . . subscription.
- Web site: Search for setlists: artist:(MC Hammer) date:[1991-01-01 TO 1991-12-31] (page 3) ]. 2023-08-22 . setlist.fm.
- Web site: MC HAMMER - TOUR DATES 1991 Full page UK magazine ad . 2023-08-24 . eBay . en-gb.
- Web site: Prints of American singer MC Hammer performs in concert at the Whitley Bay Ice Rink, Tyne and Wear . 2023-08-24 . Media Storehouse Photo Prints . en-AU.
- News: June 12, 1991 . M.C. HAMMER NAILS DOWN A SUMMER CONCERT AT THE TACOMA DOME . Seattle Post . . subscription.
- News: July 27, 1991 . Hammer ready to rap . The Globe and Mail . . subscription.
- October 6, 1990 . Boxscore - Top Concert Grosses - Week Oct. 6, 1990 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week July 14, 1990 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week Ending September 22, 1990 . Billboard .
- November 24, 1990 . BOXSCORE - Top 10 Concert Grosses . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosse Week ending September 29, 1990 . 48 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week October 13, 1990 . Billboard .
- October 27, 1990 . Boxscore - Top Concert Grosses . Billboard .
- November 3, 1990 . BOXSCORE BOSSES CONCERT . Billboard .
- January 26, 1991 . BOXSCORE - Top 10 Concert grosses . 41 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week November 11, 1990 . Billboard .
- November 17, 1990 . Boxscore - Top Concert Grosses . Billboard .
- December 15, 1990 . BOXSCORE . Billboard .
- Boxcore . Billboard .
- Boxscore- Top 10 Concert Grosses Week Ending August 10, 1991 . Billboard .
- Boxscore - Top 10 Concert Grosses Week ending August 31, 1991 . Billboard .