Salazarese dialect explained

Salazarese
Nativename:Zaraitzuko uskara
States:Spain
Region:Salazar Valley, Navarre
Extinct:2000s
Familycolor:grey
Fam1:Basque (language isolate)
Fam3:Eastern Navarrese
Map:Behe nafarrera.svg
Isoexception:dialect
Glotto:none

Salazarese (locally Zaraitzuko uskara) is the Basque dialect of the Salazar Valley of Navarre, Spain.

In English it is also known as Zaraitzu Basque, the Zaraitzu dialect or Salazar dialect; in Spanish as salacenco and in Basque as Zaraitzuko euskara.

Basque was spoken in the Salazar valley until the first half of the 20th century; ever since, the number of speakers started a dramatic decline. At the time of the 2002 linguistic census, there were only two native speakers, both with ages over 85, and within a few years Salazarese became extinct.[1] However, its features had been documented over the 19th and 20th centuries.

From the 1980s there has been a revival of the Basque language in Spain. As a result, roughly a quarter of the valley's inhabitants now speak Standard Basque. It would be possible to revive the Salazarese dialect to some degree by teaching its features to Batua speakers.

History

18th century

Some religious texts were written: the Christian doctrines of Itzalle and Orontze and texts published by Satrustegi.[2] [3]

19th century

Apart from more religious texts, there is a wealth of significant research work by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte.[4]

Pedro Jose Sanper translated the Gospel of Matthew.[5] and Jose Urrutia undertook the translation of Arturo Campion's “Orreaga”.[6]

20th century

21st century

Aitor Arana has collected the testimonies of Basque-speakers of Zaraitzu, published a dictionary of the dialect in 2001,[14] and next year a book of grammar.[15] In 2004 he published a collection of texts and he gave some curses of the local Basque in the Valley.[16] The work of the researcher Inaki Camino should be mentioned as well.[17] [18] [19]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ekialdeko nafarra (Euskalkia). Ahotsak.com.
  2. Satrustegi, J M (1987). Euskal testu zaharrak, Euskaltzaindia. .
  3. Satrustegi, J M (1992). "Zaraitzuko euskararen lekukoak", Luis Villasanteri Omenaldia. Iker, 6, Euskaltzaindia.
  4. [Louis-Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte, L. L.]
  5. Pagola, R M; Iribar, I eta Iribar, J J (1997). Bonaparte ondareko eskuizkribuak - zaraitzera, Deustuko Unibertsitatea (Deiker), Euskal Ikaskuntzen Institutua.
  6. Campion, A (1971). Orreaga. Balada escrita en el dialecto guipuzcoano, acompañada de versiones a los dialectos bizcaino, labortano y suletino y de diez y ocho variedades dialectales de la region bascongada de Nabarra desde Olazagutia hasta Roncal, Separated edition of the La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, pg 101.
  7. Larrea, J M eta Diez de Ultzurrun, P (1985). Nafarroako euskal idazleak (I). Pamiela. .
  8. Barandiaran, A (1996). Iruñeko Udalaren literatur lehiaketak (1882-1928), Iruñeko Udala. .
  9. Azkue, R M (1989). Euskalerriaren Yakintza. Literatura popular del País Vasco, Euskaltzaindia & Espasa Calpe. .
  10. Azkue, R M (1969). Diccionario vasco-español-frances (repr. facsimil), La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. .
  11. [Koldo Mitxelena|Mitxelena, K]
  12. Estornes, J (1985). Zoilo’ren uzta. La cosecha de Zoilo, Fontes Linguae Vasconum (FLV), 45.
  13. Artola, K (2002-2005). "Zaraitzuera aztertzeko ekarpen berriak" (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 eta 10), Fontes Linguae Vasconum (FLV), 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 eta 102.
  14. Arana, A (2001). Zaraitzuko Hiztegia, Nafarroako Gobernua eta Hiria Liburuak. .
  15. Arana, A (2002). Zaraitzuko Uskara. Zaraitzuera ikasteko liburua, Nafarroako Gobernua eta Hiria Liburuak.
  16. Arana, A (2004). Nafarroako Euskalkiak. Zaraitzuera. Irakurgaiak, Hiria Liburuak, (2004).
  17. Camino, I (1997). Aezkoako euskararen azterketa dialektologikoa, Nafarroako Gobernua. .
  18. Camino, I (1998) Nafarroako Hizkerak. Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea. .
  19. Several articles in the journal Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta