Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus explained
Various Y-DNA haplogroups have differing frequencies within each ethnolinguistic group in the Caucasus region.
__TOC__
Table
The table below lists the frequencies – identified by major studies – of various haplogroups amongst selected ethnic groups from the Caucasus. The first two columns list the ethnic and linguistic affiliations of the individuals studied, the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup.
Language family abbreviations:
IE Indo-European
NEC Northeast Caucasian
NWC Northwest Caucasian
Kartvelian South Caucasian
Population | Language | n | E1b1b | G | I | J1 | J2 | L | R1a | R1b | R2a | T | Others | Reference |
---|
Abaza (Abazins/Abazinians) | NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) | | | | | See "Others". | | See "Others". | | | | See "Others". | K[xP]=14 (possible L or T) C*=7 (1/14) F[xI,G,J2,K]=29 (possible J1) | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Abaza (Abazins/Abazinians) | NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) | | | | I2*= I2a= | J1*= J1e= | M67= other= | =L2 | | | | | =Q | |
---|
Abkhaz | NWC (Abkhaz-Ubykh) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Abkhaz | NWC (Abkhaz-Abaza) | | | [1] | | | J2*=5.2 J2-M67=8.6 | =L2 | | | | | | |
---|
Abkhaz | NWC (Abkhaz-Abaza) | | | | (P37.2=0.6, M223=1.9) | (P58=1.2) | (M67=11.1) | | | | | | N=0.6 | Yunusbaev2012 |
---|
Adygei (Kabardin) | NWC (Adigei) | | | | | See "Others". | | See "Others". | | | | See "Others". | F[xG,I,J2,K]=23.7 (possible J1) K[xP]=15.3 (possible L) P[xR1,R2]=6.8 | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Adygei (Kabardin) | NWC (Adygei) | | | | I1=1.4 I2*=0.7 I2a=2.1 | J1e=2.8 J1*=6.4 | M67=5.7 J2a*=9.3 J2b=0.7 | =L3 | | | | | C=2.1, H=0.7 N1c=1.4, Q=0.7 | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Adygei/ "Circassians" | NWC (Adygei) | | | [2] | I*=1.4 I2a=2.9 | | | | | | | | | various |
---|
Adygei/ ("Adygea") | NWC (Adygei) | | | | I2*= I2a= | J1e= J1*= | M67= J2a*= J2b= | L2= L1= | | | | | C= N= | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Adygei (Shapsugs) | NWC (Adygei) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dibirova 2009 |
---|
Adygei (Shapsugs) | NWC (Adygei) | | | [3] | | | | =L* | | | | | | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Adygei ("Cherkess") | NWC (Adygei) | | | [4] | =I* | J1e=0.7 J1*=4.9 | J2-M67=7.7 J2b=0.7 other=13.4 | =L1 | | | | | N1*=1.4 N1c1=2.1 Q=0.7 | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Adygei ("Cherkess") | NWC (Adygei) | | | | I1=0.8 I2b=0.8 | J1e=4.0 J1*=0.8 | M67=13.5 other=11.1 | | | | | | C=0.8, K*=1.6 N1c1=2.4, Q=0.8 | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Andis | NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) | | | | I1= I2a= | J1*= | M67= other=4.1 | | | | | | | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Armenians | IE (Armenian) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rosser 2000 |
---|
Armenians | IE (Armenian) | | | F* | | F* | | | | | | | F[xI,J2,K]=12.8 N=2 | Wells 2001 |
---|
Armenians | IE (Armenian) | | | | | See "Others". | | See "Others". | | | | | F[xI,G,J2,K]=18.0 (possible J1) K[xT,P]=3.0 (possible L) P[xR1a,R1b,R2]=2.0 | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Armenians | IE (Armenian) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Weale 2001 |
---|
Armenians
| IE (Armenian) | | | P16= 0.5 G2a*= 8.2 G1=0.7 | I2=3.6 | J1e= 4.4 J*=6.3 | M67= 10.7 J2a* = 13.3 J2b= 1.5 | | | | | | N=0.2 Q=0.2 | Herrara2012 |
---|
Armenians
| IE (Armenian) | | | P16=0 G2a*=9.1 G1=1.8 | I2=2.7 | J1e=6.4 J1*=8.2 | M67=12.7 J2a*=10.0 J2b=0.9 | | | | | | | Herrara2012 |
---|
| IE (Armenian) | | | P16= 1.9 G2a*=10.6 | | J1e= 2.9 J1* = 6.7 | M67= 7.7 J2a* = 9.6 J2b = 0 | | | | | | | Herrara2012 |
---|
Avars | NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Avars | NEC (Avar-Andic, Avar) | | | P18=0.9 P303=9.6 | I*=0.9 I2a=0.9 | J1e=0.9 J1*=58.3 | M67=0.9 other=5.2 | L2=2.6 | | | | | N=1.7 | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Avars (West) | NEC (Avar-Andic) | | | G[xG1,G2a,<br />G2b]=5 | | J1*=60 J1e=20 | | | | | | | | Caciagli 2009 |
---|
Azeris (Azerbaijan) | Turkic | | | | | F | | | | | | | F[xG,I,J2,K]=11 | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Azerbaijanis | Turkic | v | | | | | | | | | | | | various |
---|
Bagvalins | NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) | | | | I2b1=7.1 | | | | | | | | | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Balkars | Turkic | | | | I2*= | | M67=5.3 J2b=2.6
| L2= | | | | | H=2.6 | Battaglia 2009 |
---|
Balkars | Turkic | | | | (all P37.2) | (P58=0.0) | (M67=9.6) | | | | | | Q=3.7%, no others. | Yunusbaev 2012 |
---|
Chamalins | NEC (Avar-Andic, Andic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Chechens (East Chechnya) | NEC (Nakh) | | | | | | | | | | | | F[xG,I,J2,K]=32 | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Chechens (Total) | NEC (Nakh) | | | 5.4[5] | I2=0.3 | J1*=20.9 | M67=55.2 J2b=0.3
| L3=7.0 | | | | | | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
| NEC (Nakh) | | | (P303) | I2=0.8 | J1*=24.6 | M67=56.8
| L3=6.8 | | | | | | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Chechens
| NEC (Nakh) | | | [6] | | | M67=50.9
| L3=0.9 | | | | | | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Chechens
| NEC (Nakh) | | | [7] | | | M67=58.0
| L3=14.0 | | | | | N=2.0 | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Chechens | NEC (Nakh) | | | | | P58=0.0 | M67=46.7 | | | | | | N=0.6 Q=4.8 | Yunusbaev 2012 |
---|
Dargins | NEC (Dargin) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Dargins | NEC (Dargin) | | | | | See "Others". | | | | | | | F[xG,I,J2,K]=27 | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Dargins (Dargwa) | NEC (Dargin) | | | P303=1.0
| | J1*=69.3
| M67=1.0 | | | | | | O3=3 | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Dargins (Kaitaks) | NEC (Dargin) | | | | | J1*=84.8 | | | | | | | | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Dargins (Kubachis) | NEC (Dargin) | | | | I2a=1.5 | J1*=98.5 | | | | | | | | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Georgians | Kartvelian (Karto-Zan) | | | | | J= | | | | | | | Semino 2000 |
---|
Georgians | Kartvelian (Karto-Zan) | | | | I1*= | | M67=18.2
| L3=1.6 | | | | | | Battaglia 2009 |
---|
Georgians | Kartvelian (Karto-Zan) | | | | | F | | | | | | | K[xP]=2.6 P[xR1,R2]=2.6 F[xG,I,J2,K]=14.3 | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Svans | Kartvelian (Svan) | | | F* | | F* | | | | | | | F[xG,I,J2,K]= 92% | Wells 2001 |
---|
Georgians (Kazbegis) | Kartvelian (Karto-Zan) | | | F | | F | | | | | | | F[xG,I,J2,K]=12 | Wells 2001 |
---|
Ingush | NEC (Nakh) | | | P18=1.4 | | | M67=87.4
| L3=2.8 | | | | | | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Ingush | NEC (Nakh) | | | | | | | | | | | | F[xG,I,J2,K]=27 P[xR1,R2]=4.5(1/22) | Nasidze 2004a |
---|
Ingush | NEC (Nakh) | | | | | | (all M67) | | | | | | | Yunusbaev 2012 |
---|
Juhurim | AA (Semitic) | | | | | (all P58) | (M67=10%) | | | | | | | Yunusbaev 2012 |
---|
Karachays | Turkic | | | | (P37.2=7.2, M223=1.5) | (P58=2.9) | (M67=5.8) | | | | | | | Yunusbaev 2012 |
---|
Kumyks | Turkic | | | | | | | | | | | | J*=1.3 O=1.3 | Yunusbaev 2012 |
---|
Laks | NEC (Lak) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Caciagli 2009 |
---|
Lezgins (Azerbaijan) | NEC (Lezgic) | | | | | See "Others". | | | | | | | F[xI,J2,K]=58 | Wells 2001 |
---|
Lezgins (Dagestan) | NEC (Lezgic) | | | | | See "Others". | | | | | | See "Others". | F[xI,G,J2,K]=32 (possible J1) K[xR]=28 | Nasidze 2003 |
---|
Lezgins | NEC (Lezgic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yunusbaev 2012 |
---|
Lezgins (Akhtynskiy District) | NEC (Lezgic) | | | (P18=1.2%) | | J1* | | L2 | | | | | N1c1 | Balanovsky 2011 |
---|
Kara Nogai | Turkic | | | | I-P37.2 | J* | (M67 = 1.3%) | | | | | | C=10.5 D=5.3 N=14.5 O=5.3 Q=1.3 | Yunusbayev 2012 |
---|
Kuban Nogai | Turkic | |
---|
| | | | |
M67=3.4%| | | | | | C=8.0%
D=1.1%
N=4.6%
O=3.4%
Q=0.0%| Yunusbayev 2012|-!
Ossetes| IE (Iranian, NE)| | | | | colspan="2"|J=| | | | | | | Rosser 2000|-!
North Ossetians| IE (Iranian, NE)| | | | |
See "Others".| || | | |
See "Others".| style="font-size:88%;" | F[xI,G,J2,K]=3.9 (possible J1)
K[xP]=9.3 (possible L)
P[xR1,R2]=2.3| Nasidze 2004b|-!
North Ossetians (Iron)| IE (Iranian, NE)| | |
[8] | | | M67=11.3
other=7.0| L2=0.9| | | | | style="font-size:88%;" | N=0.4
Q=0.9| Balanovsky 2011|-!
North Ossetians (Digor)| IE (Iranian, NE)| | |
[9] | | | M67=5.5
other=6.3| L1=0.8| | | | | Q=3.9| Balanovsky 2011|-!
North Ossetians| IE (Iranian, NE)| | | | | | (M67=9.8)| | | | | | Q = 0.8| Yunusbaev 2012|-! Russians (
Adygea)| IE (Slavic, East)| | | | | | | | | | | | | Rootsi 2004|-!
Rutuls| NEC (Lezgic)| | | | | F| | | | | | | F[xG,I,J2,K]=58| Nasidze 2004a|-!
Tabassarans| NEC (Lezgic)| | | | | | | | | | | | C=7.0| Yunusbaev 2012|-|}
See also
- Caucasus
- Y-DNA haplogroups by groups
- Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas
Sources
- Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region. O. Balanovsky. K. Dibirova. A. Dybo. O. Mudrak. S. Frolova. E. Pocheshkhova. M. Haber. D. Platt. T. Schurr. W. Haak. M. Kuznetsova. M. Radzhabov. O. Balaganskaya. A. Romanov. T. Zakharova. DF. Soria Hernanz. P. Zalloua. S. Koshel. M. Ruhlen. C. Renfrew. RS. Wells. C. Tyler-Smith. E. Balanovska. The Genographic Consortium. Mol. Biol. Evol.. 28. 10. 2905–2920. 2011. 10.1093/molbev/msr126. . 21571925. 3355373.
- Battaglia. V. Fornarino. S. Al-Zahery. N. Olivieri. A. Pala. M. Myres. NM. King. RJ. Rootsi. S. Marjanovic. D. Primorac. D. Hadziselimovic. R. Vidovic. S. Drobnic. K. Durmishi. Naser. Torroni. A. Santachiara-Benerecetti. AS. Underhill. PA. Semino. O. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe. Eur. J. Hum. Genet.. 17. 820–830. 2009. 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. 2947100. 19107149. 6. .
- L. Caciagli. K. Bulayeva. O. Bulayev. S. Bertoncini. L. Taglioli. L. Pagani. G. Paoli. S. Tofanelli. The key role of patrilineal inheritance in shaping the genetic variation of Dagestan highlanders. J. Hum. Genet.. 2009. 54. 12. 689–694. 10.1038/jhg.2009.94. . 19911015. free.
- Cruciani. F. La Fratta. R. Santolamazza. P. Sellitto. D. Pascone. R. Moral. P. Watson. E. Guida. V. Colomb. EB. Zaharova. B. Lavinha. J. Vona. G. Aman. R. Calì. F. Akar. N. Richards. M. Torroni. A. Novelletto. A. Scozzari. R. Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa. Am. J. Hum. Genet.. 74. 5. 1014–1022. 2004. 15042509. 1181964. 10.1086/386294. .
- Di Giacomo. F. Luca. F. Popa. LO. N. Akar. N. Anagnou. J. Banyko. R. Brdicka. G. Barbujani. F. Papola. G. Ciavarella. F. Cucci. L. Di Stasi. L. Gavrila. MG. Kerimova. D. Kovatchev. AI. Kozlov. A. Loutradis. V. Mandarino. C. Mammì. EN. Michalodimitrakis. G. Paoli. KI. Pappa. G. Pedicini. L. Terrenato. S. Tofanelli. P. Malaspina. A. Novelletto. Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe. Hum. Genet.. 115. 5. 357–371. 2004. 15322918. 10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. 18482536. .
- Nasidze. I. Schädlich. H. Stoneking. M. Forensic Sci Int. Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci. 2003. 137. 1. 85–93. 10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00272-X. 14550619. .
- Nasidze. I. Ling. EY. Quinque. D. Dupanloup. I. Cordaux. R. Rychkov. S. Naumova. O. Zhukova. O. Sarraf-Zadegan. N. Naderi. GA. Asgary. S. Sardas. S. Farhud. DD. Sarkisian. T. Asadov. C. Kerimov. A. Stoneking. M. Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Caucasus. Ann Hum Genet. 68. 3. 205–221. 2004a. 15180701. 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. 27204150. . free.
- Nasidze. I. Quinque. D. Dupanloup. I. Rychkov. S. O. Naumova. O. Zhukova. M. Stoneking. Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians. Ann Hum Genet. 68. 6. 588–599. 2004b. 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x. 15598217. 1717933. .
- Rootsi. S. 2004. Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe. C. Magri. T. Kivisild. G. Benuzzi. H. Help. M. Bermisheva. I. Kutuev. L. Barać. M. Peričić. O. Balanovsky. A. Pshenichnov. D. Dion. M. Grobei. LA. Zhivotovsky. V. Battaglia. A. Achilli. N. Al-Zahery. J. Parik. R. King. C. Cinnioğlu. E. Khusnutdinova. P. Rudan. E. Balanovska. W. Scheffrahn. M. Simonescu. A. Brehm. R. Goncalves. A. Rosa. J-P. Moisan. A. Chaventre. V. Ferak. S. Füredi. PJ. Oefner. P. Shen. L. Beckman. I. Mikerezi. R. Terzić. D. Primorac. A. Cambon-Thomsen. A. Krumina. A. Torroni. PA. Underhill. AS. Santachiara-Benerecetti. R. Villems. O. Semino. Am. J. Hum. Genet.. 75. 1. 128–137. . 10.1086/422196. 15162323. 1181996.
- Rosser. ZH. Zerjal. T. Hurles. ME. Adojaan. M. Alavantic. D. Amorim. A. Amos. W. Armenteros. M. Arroyo. E. Barbujani. G. Beckman. G. Beckman. L. Bertranpetit. J. Bosch. E. Bradley. DG. Brede. G. Cooper. G. Côrte-Real. HBSM. de Knijff. P. Decorte. R. Dubrova. YE. Evgrafov. O. Gilissen. A. Glisic. S. Gölge. M. Hill. EW. Jeziorowska. A. Kalaydjieva. L. Kayser. M. Kivisild. T. SA. Kravchenko. A. Krumina. V. Kučinskas. J. Lavinha. LA. Livshits. P. Malaspina. S. Maria. K. McElreavey. TA. Meitinger. A-V. Mikelsaar. RJ. Mitchell. K. Nafa. J. Nicholson. S. Nørby. A. Pandya. J. Parik. PC. Patsalis. L. Pereira. B. Peterlin. G. Pielberg. MJ. Prata. C. Previderé. L. Roewer. S. Rootsi. DC. Rubinsztein. J. Saillard. FR. Santos. G. Stefanescu. BC. Sykes. A. Tolun. R. Villems. C. Tyler-Smith. MA. Jobling. Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. Am. J. Hum. Genet.. 67. 6. 1526–1543. 2000. 11078479. 1287948. 10.1086/316890. .
- The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. O. Semino. G. Passarino. PJ. Oefner. AA. Lin. S. Arbuzova. LE. Beckman. G. De Benedictis. P. Francalacci. A. Kouvatsi. S. Limborska. M. Marcikiæ. A. Mika. B. Mika. D. Primorac. AS. Santachiara-Benerecetti. LL. Cavalli-Sforza. PA. Underhill. Science. 10 Nov 2000. 290. 5494. 1155–1159. 10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. . 11073453. 2000Sci...290.1155S.
- Hum. Genet.. 2001. 109. 6. 659–674. Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group. ME. Weale. L. Yepiskoposyan. RF. Jager. N. Hovhannisyan. A. Khudoyan. O. Burbage-Hall. N. Bradman. MG. Thomas. 10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. 11810279. 23113666. .
- The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. RS. Wells. N. Yuldasheva. R. Ruzibakiev. PA. Underhill. I. Evseeva. J. Blue-Smith. L. Jin. B. Su. R. Pitchappan. S. Shanmugalakshmi. K. Balakrishnan. M. Read. NM. Pearson. T. Zerjal. MT. Webster. I. Zholoshvili. E. Jamarjashvili. S. Gambarov. B. Nikbin. A. Dostiev. O. Aknazarov. P. Zalloua. I. Tsoy. M. Kitaev. M. Mirrakhimov. A. Chariev. WF. Bodmer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98. 18. 10244–10249. 28 August 2001. 10.1073/pnas.171305098. . 11526236. 56946. 2001PNAS...9810244W. free.
- Yunusbayev. B. 2006. Genetic Structure of Dagestan Populations: A Study of 11 Alu Insertion Polymorphisms. Kutuev. I. Khusainova. R. Guseinov. G. ĖK. Khusnutdinova. Hum. Biol.. 78. 4. 465–476. 41466426. 10.1353/hub.2006.0059. 17278621. 25503148. .
- The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. B. Yunusbayev. M. Metspalu. M. Järve. I. Kutuev. S. Rootsi. E. Metspalu. DM. Behar. K. Varendi. H. Sahakyan. R. Khusainova. L. Yepiskoposyan. EK. Khusnutdinova. PA. Underhill. T. Kivisild. R. Villems. Mol. Biol. Evol.. 2012. 29. 1. 359–365. 10.1093/molbev/msr221. . 21917723. free.
External links
Notes and References
- [Haplogroup G2a1 (Y-DNA)|P18]
- Dibirova 2009
- [Haplogroup G2a3b1 (Y-DNA)|P303]
- [Haplogroup G2a1 (Y-DNA)|P16]
- [Haplogroup G2a1 (Y-DNA)|P18]
- P18=3.6
P303=5.4
- P18=6.0
P303=1.0
- [Haplogroup G2a1 (Y-DNA)|P16]
- [Haplogroup G2a1 (Y-DNA)|P16]