Police firearm use by country explained

The use of firearms by police forces varies widely across the world, in part due to differences in gun use policy, civilian firearm laws, and recording of police activity. Police forces may require that officers use warning shots before aiming on-target, officers may need to make verbal warnings before using their firearms, and officers may be prohibited from carrying weapons while performing tasks such as highway patrol where gun use is not expected.

Unarmed police forces

In nineteen countries or territories, the police do not carry firearms unless the situation is expected to merit it: Bhutan, Botswana, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Iceland, Ireland, Kiribati, Malawi, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Norway, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, the United Kingdom (except for Northern Ireland), the U.S. Virgin Islands and Vanuatu. These countries exhibit gun-homicide rates markedly lower on average than countries with armed police forces. Their police forces commonly adopt a philosophy of policing by consent.[1] [2]

A survey conducted in Great Britain in 2004 found that 47% of citizens supported arming all police while 48% were opposed to the idea.[3]

Australia

All police in Australia carry firearms which are personally issued to them. This usually includes detectives and highway patrol officers. The firearm most commonly issued is the Glock semi-automatic handgun. The Australian police forces are monitored by the Australian Institute of Criminology, which has recorded police shooting deaths since 1989. All fatal police shootings are subject to a mandatory coronial inquest.[4] A 2013 review by the Australian Institute of Criminology found that 42% of victims of fatal police shootings had a mental illness.[5] A more recent history of deaths by police shootings is tabulated below.

1.Data provided by the Australian Institute of Criminology[6]

Austria

Police in Austria usually carry firearms, including Glock pistols. They are monitored by the Austrian Interior Ministry. Since 2006 the records of police firearm use have been expanded to show whether or not a round was targeted at people.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Rounds discharged133 105 172 177 143 121 147 107 120 111 74 81
Rounds targeted at people- - - - - - 9 6 6 7 4 4
Minor injuries1 1 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Major injuries6 3 - 14 4 3 5 6 5 3 3 1
People killed0 0 0 0 X1 XXXXXX

1.10 injuries, severity not specified.Data reported on by Heute[7]

Czech Republic

All uniformed police officers belonging to the Police of the Czech Republic (PČR) and all Municipal police departments usually carry firearms. Most officers are equipped with CZ 75D Compact pistols. The use of firearms by police officers belonging to the PČR is regulated by the Act no. 273/2008 Sb. (Act on the Police of the Czech Republic), which defines the ways an officer can use his service weapon and states that a police officer of the PČR is not a subject to the Act no. 119/2002 Sb. (Act on Firearms and ammunition) and as such doesn't have to possess a weapons licence.

The use by officers belonging to a municipal police department is regulated by the Act no. 119/2002 Sb. therefore they need to possess the appropriate weapons licence. The use is further regulated by the Act no. 553/1991 Sb. (Act on the Municipal Police), which gives officers more rights regarding the use of a firearm, such as the right to open carry.

The regulation for the Municipal Police is generally more strict than the regulation for PČR and doesn't give municipal police officers the same rights as PČR officers.

Table below only includes the statistics for PČR officers and doesn't include municipal police departments.

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Threat by a pointed weapon- - 945 812 1126 982 1079 824
Warning shots- - 70 54 37 60 77 40
Total shots fired for effect28 30 29 29 26 27 26 19
Of which at a person:5 2 3 8 1 3 - -
a vehicle:16 18 18 12 1113 --
an animal:71089145--

1.Data until 31st of August

2.Data until 13th of NovemberData reported on by the Police of the Czech Republic[8] [9]

Denmark

Since 1965, all Danish police officers have carried firearms when performing their duties. Danish police used Walther PPK 7.65 mm as the standard pistol until 2000, and then the Heckler & Koch USP 9 mm was introduced. In 2008 police began to carry pepper spray in addition to their firearm. Further, all officers are trained in the use of Heckler & Koch MP5, which is issued on special assignments or severe incidents.

Additionally, every police district have specially trained "Reaktionspatruljer" deployed round the clock, carrying the 5.56 × 45 mm NATO GV M/10.[10] [11]

The appropriate use of firearms is described in the Act on Police Activities regulations, section 16 and 17 is translated into English in.[12]

In Denmark the police use of weapons is recorded by the police department. The police department classifies tear gas as the use of a firearm. In 2006 the death of four people by police shootings prompted an investigation into the use of firearms by the Danish police force from 1996 to 2006. The investigation found no significant trends of increased firearms use by the police.

1996 19971998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Cases of firearm use222 276 196 216 234 242 269 305 269 243 253
Reports of shots fired15 18 7 10 11 22 17 10 18 15 20
Reports of shots aimed at civilians7 7 4 5 3 12 7 3 4 2 11
People hit7 3 4 3 3 7 5 3 3 2 11
People wounded6 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 7
People killed1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 4

1.Includes warning shots and tear gas fired.

2.Includes shots aimed at vehicle tyres.

More recent figures have been published separately in a different format.[13]

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Cases of firearm use361 305 277 260 323 315
Rounds discharged32 39 86 49 58 53
Warning shots11 6 49 6 12 17

Finland

Police in Finland have access to weapons including a Glock 17, Heckler & Koch MP5, Taser and pepper spray. The use of firearms is recorded by the Police College and the Finnish ministry of the Interior.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Incidents firearms were used39 26 36 27 41 44 32 40 34 39 27
Firearm was threatened31 23 25 20 28 39 30 32 24 33 19
Rounds fired10 3 11 7 9 5 3 13 48 7 6
Warning shots10 3 7 4 3 3 2 5 1 0 2
People killed0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
People wounded0 0 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 4
Data reported on by YLE uutiset[14]

France

In France the police carry firearms, however, there is no official record of how frequently firearms are used.[15] An independent group A Toutes Les Victimes has tracked the number of deaths and injuries by police which have been published in the media since 2005. In 2021 the National Assembly passed Article 25, allowing French police officers to carry service firearms while off-duty, though their use remains strictly limited to defense of self and others.[16]

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Number of deaths6 10 19 11 6 9 10 14
Number of injuries3 7 2 7 5 4 0 4

1Unofficial data from the A Toutes Les Victimes census[17]

Germany

German police forces usually carry firearms. Police firearm statistics dating back to 1984 are available,[18] a summary of recent years is tabulated below.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20152016201720182019202020212022
Warning shots59 49 54 41 65 48 32614944496048
Firearm use on objects10 30 14 17 22 13 2881929352826
Firearm use on people37 36 36 42 46 40 52755664755160
Injuries23 15 20 20 31 2228393430413141
Deaths8 6 8 8 7 101114111515811

Iceland

Icelandic police do not regularly carry firearms. In 2013 the first fatal police shooting took place where one man was killed. As of October 2019 this remains the only fatal police shooting since Iceland became an independent republic in 1944.[19]

Ireland

The strength of the Garda Síochána (national police) is approximately 15,000 officers, most of whom are unarmed; approximately 4,000 are authorised to carry firearms.

The majority of armed Gardaí (officers) consist of ordinary detectives (routinely armed with handguns for personal protection) or belong to specialist regional Armed Support Units. An elite national Emergency Response Unit exists that is trained in hostage rescue tactics.

There were six fatal shootings by Gardaí between 1998 and 2021.[20]

Jamaica

The majority of police officers in Jamaica are trained in the use of firearms. The main service firearm used by Jamaican police, particularly the Jamaica Constabulary Force has changed over time. In recent years, the JCF has predominantly employed the Glock 17 as its regular service pistol. Constables assigned to the Specialized Operations Branch (Jamaican equivalent of a SWAT team) have been seen carrying M16 and M4 carbine assault rifles.

The Jamaica Constabulary Force's (JCF) use of lethal force has been monitored by Amnesty International. From 1983 to 2000 the Jamaican police force has been reported to kill between 121 and 355 people each year with an average of 171 deaths.[21] A subsequent report by Amnesty USA shows that from 1998 to 2015 between 101 and 307 people were killed each year with an average of 192 deaths.[22] In 2010, the Independent Commission of Investigations (INDECOM) was established as an independent oversight body to tackle the frequent use of lethal force by members of the Security Forces, which has made progress towards reducing the problem.[23] A summary of recent years is tabulated below:

Jamaica's Security Force shooting fatalities 2011–2017!2011!2012!2013!2014!2015!2016!2017
210219258115101111168

Japan

Uniformed officers carry firearms, typically the New Nambu M60 revolver while on duty only. Security Police and Special Assault Team carry semi-automatic pistols and heavier submachine guns and rifles depending on the situation.

Netherlands

Law enforcement in the Netherlands usually carry firearms. In every incident where a firearm round is shot and/or hits a person there is an investigation conducted to determine if the use of a firearm was justified. The results of the investigations are made publicly available; the cases for each year are tabulated.

Data from firearms use investigations[24] [25] [26]
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20152016201720182019202020212022 (first half)
Number of incidents30 33 33 24 30 25 23 3423271622218
People wounded29 31 31 19 29 24 27 3320261218257
People killed0 2 2 5 5 3 34334521

New Zealand

The New Zealand Police do not usually carry firearms. Under normal circumstances, police in New Zealand carry pepper spray, batons, and Tasers, though all are trained with the Glock 17 pistol and Bushmaster M4 semi-automatic rifle. These firearms are carried in all frontline police vehicles and are available for use should a situation require it. There are times when due to a credible threat, New Zealand's 12 district police commanders have the authority to arm all of their frontline officers.[27] After the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings all frontline police officers throughout the country were instructed by the Police Commissioner to carry guns while on duty.[28]

In October 2019, New Zealand's Police Commissioner announced a six-month trial of Armed Response Teams (ARTs) in three Police districts. The ARTs are specialist armed police personnel who are part of the Armed Offenders Squad. The teams are a minimum of three, in specialised vehicles equipped with tactical options and operate seven days a week.[29]

When force is used (excluding handcuffs) a tactical operations report is filed. Use of tactical options is published by the police force.[30]

A summary of tactical options used in 2010–2014 was published in 2015. In 33,198 events over the four-year period, firearms were drawn 1,422 times, resulting in 5 injuries.[31] Tactical operations resulting in fatalities are not recorded in the database.

In 2020, seven firearm discharges occurred in five incidents, three resulted in fatal injuries, one in non-fatal injuries, and one missed the subject.[32]

Since 1916, New Zealand Police have used lethal force 40 times.

Norway

The Norwegian Police Service (NPS) only carry firearms in response to specific situations, keeping their Heckler & Koch MP5s and Heckler & Koch P30s locked in the patrol cars. The use of firearms is recorded by the police station which publishes detailed statistics on the annual use of firearms. The information presented in the 2014 report is detailed in the table below.[33] [34]

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015201620172018201920202021
Firearm use threatened70 72 67 52 75 65 55 58 75 66 58 58 4253801251278510779
Rounds discharged1 1 5 3 3 0 2 3 6 1 3 3 2534613116
Total71 73 72 55 78 65 57 61 81 67 61 61 4458831291339811885
People killed0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01100122
People wounded1 - 5 1 1 0 1 2 4 1 0 2 02123530
Incidents of armed police- - - 2 666 - - 2 170 2 358 - 2 711 - - 2 954812187329923100588518

Russia

Generally, Russian police forces carry firearms and are armed with pistols at a minimum. There is no consistent recording of firearms use across the country. Use of firearms can only be lawful where it is necessary to confront an imminent threat of death or serious injury or a grave and proximate threat to life. Since 2011 the Investigative Committee is responsible for the investigation of alleged unlawful use of police force.

South Africa

The South African Police Service is monitored by the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) which releases an annual report on the performance indicators of police activity. The IPID publishes deaths as a results of police action and deaths in police custody. Use of firearms forms the majority of the killings by police; shootings by police are all classified under deaths as a result of police action.

2012/13[35] 2013/14[36] 2014/15[37] 2015/16[38] 2016/172017/18[39] 2018/19[40]
Firearm related incidents of death342 317 322 299 - - -
Firearm related deaths- 336 - - - - -
Total incidents of death as a result of police action431 390 396 366 394 436 387
Total deaths as a result of police action485 409 423 400 467 558 440
  1. Includes all categories of deaths as a result of police action with labels "Shot with service firearm", "Shot with police firearm" and "Negligent handling of a firearm leading to death". Excludes suicides.

Sweden

Officers of the Swedish Police Authority usually carry firearms when on duty. The standard weapon issued to officers is the SIG Sauer P226. The police authority report that normally police will threaten to use their weapon but do not discharge it; this happens about 200 times per year. In a typical year the police shoot 20 warning shots aimed at people or vehicles.[41] An investigation reviewing the use of weapons by police details the firearm use from 2003 to 2014.[42]

200320042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Incidents involving 11 16 9 8 10 20 11 13 29 17 13 25
Incidents involving 9 15 9 3 12 16 11 8 32 14 16 14

Only the most serious use of violence is counted, if an incident involves both warning shots and shots for effect it is only counted in the shots for effect section.

United Kingdom

See main article: Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom. Police forces in the United Kingdom are managed by different bodies and thus have different standards for firearms usage. Police in Northern Ireland regularly carry firearms whereas the police in Great Britain generally do not.

England and Wales

The police in England and Wales do not routinely carry firearms. A 2006 poll of 47,328 members of the Police Federation of England and Wales found that 82% do not want officers to be routinely armed while on duty. The UK Home Office reports annual statistics on the use of firearms by police forces. The use of firearms is recorded by the police department which publishes detailed statistics on the annual use of firearms dating back to 2003. One report published figures for 2003–2013;[43] later years are published individually.[44] While the Home Office monitors the use of police equipment, the Independent Police Complaints Commission monitored the fatalities of people due to police contact up to 2016.

2003/4 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
Operations involving armed police16,657 15,981 18,891 18,005 19,595 16,456 14,218 13,496 12,550 10,996 14,939 14,685 14,753
Operations involving armed response vehicles13,218 13,137 14,355 14,527 14,972 19,928 17,068 16,774 14,261 13,116 12,135 12,287 12,471
Authorised firearms officers6,096 6,243 6,584 6,728 6,780 6,906 6,979 6,653 6,756 6,091 5,864 5,647 5,639
Incidents where firearms were discharged4 5 9 3 7 5 6 4 5 3 4 6 7
Incidents of fatalities- 3 5 1 4 3 2 2 2 0 0 1 3
People killed- 3 5 1 5 3 2 2 2 0 0 1 3
  1. Data provided by the UK Home Office.
  2. Data provided by the Independent Police Complaints Commission[45]

In 2017 the Independent Police Complaints Commission was replaced with the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC). The IOPC publishes the use of firearms in a different format. Reported figures on fatal shootings by police are tabled below.

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Operations involving armed police15,783 18,781 20,186
Operations involving armed response vehicles13,188 15,838 17,742
Authorised firearms officers6,278 6,459 6,653
Incidents where firearms were discharged6 8 13
Fatal shootings by police6 2 3
  1. Data provided by the UK Home Office.
  2. Data provided by the Independent Office for Police Conduct[46]

Northern Ireland

The Police Service of Northern Ireland publish an annual report on the police use of force which lists the frequency that firearms were drawn and fired. However, this report does not list the injuries or deaths resulting from firearms use.

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Firearm drawn or pointed302 360 364 419 265 358 431499520
Firearm discharged3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
Data published by the Police Service of Northern Ireland.[47]

Scotland

The Police Investigation & Review Commissioner publishes an annual report on assessments of complaints and investigations carried out.

2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Assessments of police firearms incidents21 41 46 66
Investigations of serious injuries following police contact3 5 8 13
Investigations of deaths following police contact12 19 4 11
  1. Conventional firearms only.
  2. Deaths and injuries arising from firearms and other police contact.

Data published by the Police Investigation & Review Commissioner.[48]

United States

Generally, all law enforcement officers in the United States carry firearms and are armed with pistols at a minimum. There is no consistent recording of firearms use across all states; some bodies, such as the New York Police Department (NYPD), report on firearms discharge. In 2015 NYPD reported a record low of eight deaths as well as fifteen injuries caused by police firearms discharge.[49]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation publish the number of "justified" homicides by law enforcement.

In response to the lack of published data, the organization Campaign Zero launched Mapping Police Violence to collect comprehensive data on people killed by police in the United States. Similarly, the British newspaper The Guardian launched "The Counted" – a program to record the number of fatal police shootings throughout the United States. The Guardian reports that 1,146 people were killed in 2015 and 1,093 people in 2016.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Justifiable homicide396 401423 467 450 452 439 443 410
Number of deaths- - - - - 1,146 1,093 - -
Number of deaths- - - - - 995 963 987 998
Number of deaths- - - 1,079 1,131 1,187 1,129 1,146 1,165
  1. Justifiable homicides recorded by the FBI[50] [51] [52] [53]
  2. Mapping Police Violence. Unofficial figures based on media reports[54]
  3. The Counted. Unofficial figures based on media reports[55]
  4. Fatal Force. Unofficial figures based on media reports[56] [57] [58] [59]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Kara Fox, CNN Graphics by Henrik Pettersson. How US gun culture compares with the world. 2020-12-05. CNN. 19 July 2017 .
  2. What the U.S Can Learn from Countries Where Cops Are Unarmed. 2020-12-05. Time. While the 19 nations in the world that do not arm officers vary greatly in their approach to policing, they share a common thread. “What we can identify in these countries is that people have a tradition—and an expectation—that officers will police by consent rather than with the threat of force,” says Guðmundur Ævar Oddsson, associate professor of sociology at Iceland’s University of Akureyri who specializes in class inequality and forms of social control such as policing..
  3. News: Why British police don't have guns. BBC News. 19 September 2012. 11 February 2017 .
  4. Coroners Act 1985: Final report. Victoria. Parliament. Law Reform Committee. 2006-09-06. 233. 0-9757984-1-3. 2019-07-24.
  5. Web site: Research in Practice: Police shootings of people with a mental illness . Australian Institute of Criminology . 9 February 2017 .
  6. Web site: Police custody and custody-related operations. Australian Institute of Criminology. 24 July 2019.
  7. Web site: Polizei gab im Vorjahr 81 Schüsse ab - nur 4 trafen . Heute . 9 February 2017.
  8. Web site: Statistiky použití zbraně - Policie České republiky (2019) . 2022-06-13 . www.policie.cz . cs.
  9. Web site: Statistika použití zbraně - Policie České republiky (2020) . 2022-06-13 . www.policie.cz . cs.
  10. Web site: Fleet Upgrades Licensed Programs & Custom Builds - Colt Canada.
  11. Web site: August 2015 . Analysis of the Police Shooting Training . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220615204200/https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/htm/baggrund/generel/Analyse%20af%20politiets%20skydeuddannelser%20pdf.pdf . 15 June 2022 . 8 March 2023 . . Danish.
  12. Web site: The use of police firearms in Denmark . Politiet . 8 February 2017 .
  13. Web site: Politiets brug af magtmidler i 2014 . Politiet. 14 February 2017 .
  14. Web site: Poliisin aseenkäyttö johtaa harvoin kuolemaan . YLE uutiset . 15 January 2015 . 9 February 2017 .
  15. News: En France, le grand flou des violences policières En savoir plus sur . Le Monde . Le Monde.fr . 26 November 2014 . 11 February 2017 .
  16. News: France's Senate approves the right of police to carry weapons off duty . France 24 . France24.com . 20 March 2021 . 1 March 2023 .
  17. Web site: Recensement de personnes tuées par la police ou à cause de son action : 2005-2016 . A Toutes Les Victimes . 11 February 2017 .
  18. Web site: Offizielle Statistik zu Polizeischüssen . 2023-09-01 . CILIP Institut und Zeitschrift Institut für Bürgerrechte & öffentliche Sicherheit e.V..
  19. Web site: Iceland grieves after police shoot and kill a man for the first time in its history. Amnesty International. 9 February 2017.
  20. News: Bray . Allison . 1 January 2021 . Gardaí involved in six fatal shootings in the line of duty since 1998 . . 11 August 2024.
  21. Web site: Jamaica: killings and violence by police: how many more victims. Amnesty International. 8 February 2017 .
  22. Web site: Waiting in vain; Jamaica: unlawful police killings and relatives' long struggle for justice. Amnesty International. 8 February 2017 .
  23. Web site: Jamaica police commit 'hundreds of unlawful killings' yearly, Amnesty says. The Guardian. 23 November 2016. 8 February 2017 .
  24. Web site: Politie schiet drie keer deze week, wat zijn de richtlijnen?. NOS. 17 March 2016 . 9 February 2017 .
  25. Web site: Veiligheid. Ministerie van Justitie en. 2020-05-11. Cijfers schietincidenten - Geweldsincidenten door de politie - Openbaar Ministerie. 2020-11-11. www.om.nl. nl-NL.
  26. Web site: Veiligheid . Ministerie van Justitie en . 2022-08-09 . Cijfers schietincidenten eerste helft 2022 - Nieuwsbericht - Openbaar Ministerie . 2023-04-21 . www.om.nl . nl-NL.
  27. Web site: How often are New Zealand police routinely armed? . 3 March 2019 . Stuff.co.nz . 15 December 2019 .
  28. Web site: Police officers in every part of New Zealand will continue to carry guns . 25 March 2019 . Stuff.co.nz . 15 December 2019 .
  29. Web site: Police to pilot Armed Response Teams . New Zealand Police . 15 December 2019 .
  30. Web site: Tactical Options Research Reports . New Zealand Police Response and Operations: Research and Evaluation . 8 February 2017 .
  31. Web site: TASER/Tactical Options Reporting (TOR) data from 22 March 2010 to 31 December 20141 . New Zealand Police Response and Operations: Research and Evaluation . 8 February 2017 .
  32. Web site: Tactical Options 2020 Annual Report . New Zealand Police . 31 December 2020 .
  33. Web site: POLITIETS TRUSSEL OM BRUK AV SKYTEVÅPEN ELLER BRUK AV SKYTEVÅPEN 2002–2014. Politiet. 8 February 2017.
  34. Web site: 11 March 2021 . POLITIETS TRUSSEL OM BRUK AV SKYTEVÅPEN OG BRUK AV SKYTEVÅPEN 2009–2021 .
  35. Web site: Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2012/13. Independent Police Investigative Directorate .
  36. Web site: Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2013-2014. Independent Police Investigative Directorate .
  37. Web site: Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2014-2015. Independent Police Investigative Directorate .
  38. Web site: Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2015/2016 Financial Year. Independent Police Investigative Directorate .
  39. Web site: Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2017/2018 Financial Year. Independent Police Investigative Directorate .
  40. Web site: Independent Police Investigative Directorate Annual Report 2018/2019 Financial Year. Independent Police Investigative Directorate .
  41. Web site: Hur ofta använder polisen skjutvapen? . Polisen . 11 February 2017 .
  42. Web site: Polisens användning av skjutvapen och eventuella behov av åtgärder . Polismyndigheten . 8 February 2017 .
  43. Web site: Statistics on police use of firearms in England and Wales 2012-13. UK Home Office. 8 February 2017 .
  44. Web site: Police use of firearms statistics. UK Home Office. 8 February 2017 .
  45. Web site: Deaths during or following police contact . Independent Police Complaints Commission . 9 February 2017 .
  46. Web site: Deaths during or following police contact . Independent Office for Police Conduct . 3 June 2020.
  47. Web site: Statistics on Police Use of Force . Police Service of Northern Ireland . 13 February 2017.
  48. Web site: Commissioner's annual report . Police Investigation & Review Commissioner . 3 June 2020.
  49. Web site: Annual firearms discharge report . New York Police Department. 9 February 2017.
  50. Web site: Expanded Homicide Data Table 14 Justifiable Homicide by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 2010-2014. Federal Bureau of Investigation . 9 February 2017 .
  51. Web site: Expanded Homicide Data Table 14 Justifiable Homicide by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 2011-2015. Federal Bureau of Investigation . 24 February 2018.
  52. Web site: Expanded Homicide Data Table 14 Justifiable Homicide by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 2013-2017. Federal Bureau of Investigation . 20 March 2019.
  53. Web site: Expanded Homicide Data Table 14 Justifiable Homicide by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 2013-2017. Federal Bureau of Investigation . 3 June 2020.
  54. Web site: Mapping Police Violence . Campaign Zero. 19 April 2019.
  55. Web site: The Counted: People killed by police in the US . The Guardian. 9 February 2017.
  56. News: Police shootings 2015 . The Washington Post. 20 March 2019.
  57. News: Police shootings 2016 . The Washington Post. 9 February 2017.
  58. News: Police shootings 2017 . The Washington Post. 20 March 2019.
  59. News: Police shootings 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180123014515/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/police-shootings-2018/ . dead . 23 January 2018 . The Washington Post. 20 March 2019.