Govigama Explained

Govigama (also known as Goyigama, Govikula, Govi Vansa or Goyi Vansa)[1] is a Sinhalese caste found in Sri Lanka. They form approximately half of the Sinhalese population and are traditionally involved in agriculture.[2] The term Govigama became popular during the last period of the Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy. Its members have dominated and influenced national politics and Sinhalese Buddhism (particularly the Siam Nikaya sect).[3]

Geographically Govigama is highly concentrated in to Upcountry including Kandy, Colombo and some other interior areas of low country. These Govi and the Bathgama have traditionally been responsible for cultivation in accordance with the traditional tenure system of land-holding known as Rājākariya, where the king granted land in exchange for services rendered.[4] The Govigama caste has several endogamous sub divisions which include the Radalas (Kandyan aristocracy), Rate atto (husbandmen), Patti (shepherds), Katupulle (messengers or clerks), Nilamakkara (temple servants), Porovakara (wood cutters), Vahal (Radala servants) and Gattara (Govigama outcaste).[5] [6] [7] [8]

Etymology

The caste name is occupational derived. Govigama is derived from the Sinhala word Goyigama meaning farm-land, in reference to their traditional occupation as farmers and land owners.[9] [10] Early Sinhalese texts such as the 13th century Pujavaliya mention a caste system of the Sinhalese society; the Raja (rulers), Bamunu (Brahmins), Velanda (traders) and the Govi (Farmers).[11] [12] being the forward castes.[13]

The appellation Govi is probably derived from the Prakritic Gahapati which literally means 'householder'.[14] We find in the 13th century Saddharma-Ratnāvaliya of Dharmasena, the Pali term being rendered as .[15] Gahapati occurs in ancient Pali literature as the third ranking caste after the Khattiya and Brāhmaṇa and appears to have been synonymous with the Vessakula i.e. Vaiśya.[16] [17]

When it comes to the present day, it appears that the Govigama caste has transformed into a compound caste made out of all castes mentioned in Saddharma-Ratnāvaliya (raja, bamunu, velanda and govi) consisting of four sub-castes, Radalavaru (Governing elite), Mudaliperuwa (Knighted elite), Rate aththo (officers of state), and Goviyo(farmers).[18] [19] [20]

History

Ancient period

Ancient texts such as the Pujavaliya, Sadharmaratnavaliya and Yogaratnakaraya list the four major classes as Raja, Bamunu, Velanda, and Govi.

Kandyan period

For the past 1,700 years the only undisputed symbol of Sri Lankan royalty and leadership has been the sacred Tooth Relic of Gautama Buddha. Whosoever possessed this was acknowledged as the rightful ruler of Lanka, and thus the Tooth Relic was a possession exclusive to the ruling dynasty of Sri Lanka. Upon each change of capital, a new palace was built to enshrine the Relic. Finally, in 1595 it was brought to Kandy where it is at present, in the Temple of the Tooth. However, even in the land-locked Kandyan kingdom 'Unambuwe' a son of a concubine of some considerable background was deemed not of 'royalty', hence a Telugu of royalty was imported from Madurai. This last Kandyan royal dynasty (four kings) of Nayake origin was from the Balija caste[21] [22] Even King Senarat Adahasin's regent, Antonio Baretto Kuruvita Rala, Prince of Ouva, was not from the Govi cast.[23]

The oldest Buddhist sect in Sri Lanka, the Siam Nikaya (established on 19 July 1753) are the custodians of the Tooth Relic, since its establishment during the Kandyan Kingdom. The Siam Nikaya uses caste-based divisions, and as of 1764 grants higher ordination only to the Govigama caste, excluding other castes from its numbers,[24] Sitinamaluwe Dhammajoti (Durawa) was the last non-Govigama monk to receive upasampada. This conspiracy festered within the Siam Nikaya itself and Moratota Dhammakkandha, Mahanayaka of Kandy, with the help of the last two Kandyan Telugu Kings victimised the low-country Mahanayaka Karatota Dhammaranma by confiscating the Sri Pada shrine and the retinue villages from the low country fraternity and appointing a rival Mahanayaka[25]

Current political power

Non–Govigama representation in Parliament has steadily declined since independence and representation of non-Govigama castes are well below their population percentages. Caste representation in the Cabinet has always been limited to a few very visible, but unconcerned and disconnected members from other castes.[26]

Customs

Occupation

The Govigama are a landowning caste.[27] [28] The Sinhalese caste system was based on the service to the king or 'raja kariya', and land ownership. The Govigama people had the right to cultivate and use the lands of the Sinhalese Kingdom at the behest of Sinhalese King. Their contribution to rice production, leadership in Buddhism and service in royal service gave Govigama people the foremost role in the ancient agrarian society in Sri Lanka. Kings are said to have participated in harvesting festivals held end of each Yala (dry) and Maha (wet) season.[29]

In the present era, it has been a norm that the head of the country should be a Govigama caste member, though President Premadasa was not. Colonial occupiers, including the Portuguese, Dutch and British, tried to change Govigama dominance by giving prominence to other castes by granting government posts and education under them. However they were unable to change the caste hierarchy in traditional Sinhalese society. The Dutch and the British introduced the ideas of Republicanism.

Names

An important characteristic in the Sinhalese caste system is that the family name or the surname details the ancestry. The original name was given based on where one lived. Later, honorary terms, granted by the king based on a person's service to the kingdom, were added to the original name. This continued for generations and resulted in very long names.In General, Disawe, Mudiyanse, Adikari, Mahalekam, Appuhamy, Imiya raala, Nawaratne, Jayathilaka, Gunathilaka, Jayawardana, Wijayawardhana, Wijeyasundara, Udugampola, Gunawardhana, Siriwardhana, Abeywardhana, Abeysiriwardhana, Abeygunawardhana, Dharmawardhana, Bandaranayake, Dissanayake, Ekanayake, Gajanayaka, Kulatunga, Liyanage, Madawala, Rathnasinghe, Ranasinghe, Wijesinghe, Dunuwille, Dunusinghe, Wickramasinghe, Rajapaksha, Molamure, Meedeniya, Kiriella, Herath, Yapa, Unambuwe, Rekawa, Widanapathirana, Balasooriya, Iddamalgoda, Ganegoda, Halangoda, Kodagoda, Kobbakaduwa, Arachchi, Vidhane are considered to be names taken up by Govigama people, and these names were extended according to the ranking in the service of the kingdom. Further variations exist due to changes during the colonial period. Historic literature and inscriptional evidence from the feudal period show that this hierarchy prevailed throughout the feudal period until the collapse of Sri Lankan kingdoms and social structure under the onslaught of European colonialism. However, even in the present day, Sinhalese people look at surnames and ancestry when it comes to marriages.[30] [31] [32] [33]

As for name and religious conversions, Govigama families too became Christian and had Portuguese/Christian names (some strangely adopted during British/Dutch times) such as Don Davith (Rajapaksas),[34] [35] Barthlamew (Senanayakes), Ridgeway Dias (Nilaperumal/Bandaranaykes), Pererala, Arnolis Dep (Wijewardane), Corea, Ilangakoon, de Saa Bandaranaike, Obeyesekere, de Saram, Don Johannes(Padmawansha/Kumarage), de Alwis, etc. It is also why all elite Sri Lankans of the British period be it farmer or other wise had English first names. The English first names were common among many not necessarily associated to Govigama. Some of the Goyigama such as the Bandaranayake also were pioneer arrack renters of the colonial era among many other castes.[36]

Social status

In traditional Sinhalese society Buddhist monks are placed at the top. Irrespective of the birth caste of a monk, even the king had to worship him. However, this led to some Buddhist sects in Sri Lanka allowing only Govigama people to join, contrary to Buddha's instructions.Other castes such as Karava, Durava, Salagama and Wahumpura have their own Buddhist sects. The Govigama sect also known as the Mahavihara Wanshika Siyam Order hold the custody of Sri Dalada Maligawa (The temple of the tooth) and the sacred tooth relic of Buddha.[37] [38] [39]

Notable people

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Book: Hussein, Asiff. The Lion and the Sword: An Ethnological Study of Sri Lanka. 2001-01-01. A. Hussein. 9789559726203. 18. en.
  2. Book: Peebles, Patrick. Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka. 2015-10-22. Rowman & Littlefield. 9781442255852. 65. en.
  3. Book: Fernando, Jude Lal. Religion, Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka: The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods. 2013. LIT Verlag Münster. 9783643904287. 141–142. en.
  4. Encyclopedia: Rājākariya - Sri Lankan history. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 20 July 1998. 12 February 2021.
  5. Book: A History of Sri Lanka. Silva. K. M. De. M. K.. 2005. Penguin Books India. 9789558095928. 202.
  6. Book: Padmasiri, Kulasekera Mudiyanselage. British Administration in the Kandyan Provinces of Sri Lanka, 1815-1833, With Special Reference to Social Change.. University of London. 1984. 23.
  7. Book: Agrarian change in Sri Lanka. Brow. James. Weeramunda. Joe. 1992. Sage Publications. 9780803994157. 74–75. en.
  8. Book: Nyrop, Richard F.. Sri Lanka: A Country Study. 1985. U.S. Government Printing Office. 550. Washington University. 103. en.
  9. Book: Spolia Zeylanica. 1955. National Museums of Sri Lanka.. 209. en.
  10. Book: Holt, John. The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. 2011-04-13. Duke University Press. 9780822349822. 296. en.
  11. Book: Kapferer, Bruce. The Feast of the Sorcerer: Practices of Consciousness and Power. limited. 1997-10-15. University of Chicago Press. 9780226424132. 68. en.
  12. Book: Obeyesekere, Gananath. The cult of the goddess Pattini. 1984. 9780226616025. University of Chicago Press. 116–117. en.
  13. Book: De Silva, Kingsley M.. A history of Sri Lanka. 2005. Vijitha Yapa Publications. 955-8095-92-3. Revised. Colombo. 470682746.
  14. Book: Ariyapala, M. B.. Society in mediaeval Ceylon : (The state of society in Ceylon as depicted in the Saddharmaratnāvaliya and other literature of the thirteenth century) : (2. print.). 1968. 468778864.
  15. Book: Dharmasēna, Thera. Jewels of the doctrine : stories of the Saddharma ratnāvaliya. 1991. State University of New York Press. Buddhaghosa. 0-7914-0489-7. Albany. 21147752.
  16. Book: Hussein, Asiff. Caste in Sri Lanka : from ancient times to the present day. 2013. 978-955-0028-35-1. 1st. Battaramulla. Neptune Publications. 863786412.
  17. Book: Hussein, Asiff.. Zeylanica : a study of the peoples and languages of Sri Lanka. 2009. Neptune Publications. 978-955-0028-04-7. 1st. Colombo. 463682982.
  18. Web site: Land. Tilakartna. Gayan. Pathfinder Foundation. pl. 2020-02-06.
  19. Book: Dewasiri, Nirmal Ranjith. The adaptable peasant : agrarian society in western Sri Lanka under Dutch rule, 1740–1800. 2008. Brill. 978-90-474-3282-1. Leiden. 654684668.
  20. Book: Knox, Robert. An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East Indies: Together with an Account of the Detaining in Captivity the Author and Divers other Englishmen Now Living There, and of the Author's Miraculous Escape. 2004-12-13. Asian Educational Services. 81-206-1846-7. 57236571.
  21. Book: A.Ramaswami . Madras District Gazetteers: Salem. 1 . Director of Stationery and Print . 1967. 129. They are popularly classed as kota balijas, who are military in origin and claim kinship with the Emperors and Viceroys of Vijayanagar and the Kandyan Dynasty..
  22. [Bangaru Tirumala#Relationship with Kandy Nayaks|Pre-Nayake kings of Kandy (children of Kusuma Devi) and their marriages to south-Indian Nayakes]
  23. Web site: A Description of the Great and Most Famous Isle of Ceylon. Philip. Baldaeus. 9 November 1996. Asian Educational Services. 9 November 2023. Google Books.
  24. Web site: Suchergebnisse für "Search Sikh Spectrum" – Sikhspectrum. 11 August 2023. 9 November 2023.
  25. Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750–1900: A Study of Religious Revival and.... By Kitsiri Malalgoda, p. 84-87 & 91
  26. Web site: Fonseka, the political arriviste–a historical irony. 9 November 2023.
  27. Web site: Asian Recipe. 9 August 2022. asian-recipe.com. 9 November 2023.
  28. Web site: Populations of the SAARC Countries: Bio-cultural Perspectives. Jayanta. Sarkar. G. C.. Ghosh. 9 November 2003. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 9 November 2023. Google Books.
  29. Book: Dewasiri, Nirmal Ranjith. The Adaptable Peasant. 2008. 246. BRILL . 978-9004165083.
  30. Web site: Portuguese-Sri Lankan Surnames And Their Meanings. Roel. Raymond. 27 February 2018. roar.media. 2020-02-06.
  31. Book: The hybrid island : culture crossings and the invention of identity in Sri Lanka. 2002. Zed Books. Silva, Neluka.. 1-84277-202-3. London. 48977638.
  32. Book: Identity, consciousness and the past : forging of caste and community in India and Sri Lanka. 1997. Oxford University Press. Seneviratne, H. L., 1934-. 0-19-564001-2. Delhi. 37130224.
  33. Book: Yalman, Nur.. Under the bo tree; studies in caste, kinship, and marriage in the interior of Ceylon.. 1967. University of California Press. 0-520-02054-5. Berkeley. 282805. registration.
  34. Web site: The Rajapaksas and Ruhuna. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160102192549/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/03/11/sri-lanka-revoke-british-governor%E2%80%99s-infamous-gazette-notification. 2 January 2016. 2016-12-09. dmy-all.
  35. Web site: None. 9 November 2023.
  36. https://books.google.com/books?id=o4K3AAAAIAAJ&q=goyigama+arrack+ Nobodies to somebodies: the rise of the colonial bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka
  37. Web site: Chapter I. lakdiva.org.lk. 9 November 2023.
  38. Book: Sridharan, K.. Sea: Our Saviour. 9 November 2000. Taylor & Francis. 978-81-224-1245-1 . 9 November 2023. Google Books.
  39. Web site: Pre-Vijayan Agriculture in Sri Lanka, by Prof. T. W. Wikramanayake. 9 November 2023.
  40. https://defonseka.com/front-page/reference/social-change-in-nineteenth-century-ceylon/ Social Change in Nineteenth Century Ceylon
  41. https://books.google.com/books?id=xgjH0GjmTeIC Exploring Confrontation; Sri Lanka:Politics, Culture & History
  42. Web site: Premadasa Exceptionalism and challenges it currently faces.... 9 November 2023.
  43. Web site: infolanka.asia. infolanka.asia. 9 November 2023.
  44. http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2006/12/10/imp06.asp Saga of Nilame and Kumarihamy by Lakmal Welabada
  45. Web site: Black July: A Note on Buddhism, Caste & The New Sinhalese Nationalism . 7 August 2013 . 12 June 2015 .
  46. https://len-official.blogspot.com/2024/06/blog-post_13.html මීලඟ ජනාධිපති උඩරටින්
  47. Web site: Caste in Sri Lanka – From Ancient Times to the Present Day. 9 November 2023.