Guns, goons, and gold explained

The phrase "guns, goons, and gold," sometimes referred to as the "Three Gs of Philippine Politics"[1] was a catchphrase coined by media to describe the violence and vote-buying that characterized the political campaign period in the Philippines,[2] beginning with the presidential reelection campaign of 1969,[3] [4] [5] declining only with the advent of electronic voting machines during the elections of 2010.[6] [7]

In popular culture

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: Elections 2007: 3Gs rear hideous head on campaign's Day 3 . GMA News Online . 2018-07-21 . en-US.
  2. News: 'Guns, Goons, Gold' Time in Philippines : Elections: Authorities brace for traditional violence and cheating as campaigns get under way. . DROGIN . BOB . 1992-02-10 . Los Angeles Times . 2018-07-21 . en-US . 0458-3035.
  3. Book: An anarchy of families : state and family in the Philippines . 2009 . University of Wisconsin Press . 9780299229849 . Madison, Wis. . 223848773.
  4. News: Sabotaging the System 31 years of amnesia . Morallo . Audrey . The Philippine Star . 2018-07-21.
  5. News: Protecting the vote . 2016-02-29 . Sun Star Philippines . 2018-07-21 . en-GB.
  6. News: Philippine election plays more like a soap opera . Smith . Tom . 2010-05-05 . The Guardian . 2018-07-21 . en.
  7. Web site: Philippine Election Update: Results Reported in Record Time, Largely Peaceful, Now What? - The Asia Foundation . Rood . Steven . 2010-05-12 . The Asia Foundation . en-US . 2018-07-21.
  8. Web site: In Focus: Edie Romero's "Passionate Strangers" Opens Festival of Restored Filipino Films. July 12, 2004. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. April 26, 2017. July 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073443/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/eddie-romeros-passionate-strangers-opens-festival-of-restored-filipino-films/. dead.