List of state leaders in the 18th century explained

Lists of state leaders by century
See also

This is a list of state leaders in the 18th century (1701–1800) AD, except for the leaders within the Holy Roman Empire, and the leaders within British South Asia and its predecessor states.

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 18th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Africa

Central

Angola

Colony, 1575–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

Central African Republic

Chad

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Congo, Republic of the

Equatorial Guinea

Colony, 1778–1968

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Gabon

São Tomé and Príncipe

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

East

Great Lakes area

Burundi

Kenya

Nabahani dynasty (complete list) –

Rwanda

South Sudan

Tanzania

Uganda

Horn of Africa area

Djibouti

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Solomonic dynasty

Zemene Mesafint

Tigre dynasty (complete list)[7]

Somalia (including Somaliland)

Indian Ocean

Comoros

Madagascar

Mauritius

French colony, 1715–1810

For details see France under western Europe

Seychelles

Northcentral

Libya

Tunisia

Northeast

Egypt

Sudan

Northwest

Algeria

Vassal state, 1671–1830

Morocco

Alaouite dynasty (complete list) –

South

Botswana

Eswatini/ Swaziland

Lesotho

Malawi

Mozambique

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Namibia

South Africa

(1700s–1897)

British occupation, 1795–1803

British colony, 1795–1910

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Zambia

Zimbabwe

returns to Rozwi vassalage (1712)

independent of Rozwi (1720)

West

Benin

Vassal of the Oyo Empire, 1740–1823

Burkina Faso

Cape Verde

Colony, 1462–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Colony, 1474–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Ivory Coast

Liberia

Mali

Mauritania

Niger

Askiya dynasty (complete list) –

Nigeria

The following were the independent rulers of Okoloama.[16]

Sayfawa dynasty[17]

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Togo

Americas

Caribbean

Antigua

British colony, 1632–1981

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

The Bahamas

British colony, 1648–1973

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Barbados

British colony, 1625–1966

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Cuba

Spanish Colony, 1607–1898

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Dominica

French Colony, 1715–1763

For details see France in western Europe

British Colony, 1763–1978

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

British Colony, 1763–1979

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Haiti

French Colony, 1625–1804

For details see France in western Europe

Netherlands

Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954

For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Saint Lucia

French colony, 1762–1802

For details see France in western Europe

Trinidad and Tobago

British colony, 1797–1962

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Central

Belize

British colony, 1749–1862

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Guatemala

Spanish Colony, 1609–1821

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Nicaragua

North

Canada

French colony, 1535–1763

For details see France under western Europe

British colony, 1610–1907

British colony, 1763–1791

British colony, 1791–1841

British colony, 1791–1841

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Mexico

Spanish Colony, 1521–1821

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

United States

Second Continental Congress: Presidents –

Articles of Confederation: Presidents –

Constitution of the United States: President of the United States (complete list) –

South

Argentina

Spanish Colony, 1776–1814

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Brazil

Portuguese colony, 1500/1534–1808

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Chile

Spanish Colony, 1541–1818

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Colombia

Spanish Colony, 1717–1723, 1739–1810, 1815–1821

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Peru

Spanish Colony, 1542–1824

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Suriname

English/ British colony, 1650–1667

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Dutch colony 1667–1954

For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Asia

Central

Kazakhstan

Tajikistan

Tibet

Manchu overlordship, 1720–1912

For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia

Uzbekistan

East

China: Qing dynasty

Japan

Second Shō dynasty

Vassal state of Satsuma Domain, 1609–1872

Korea

Southeast

Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

Dutch colony 1800–1811, 1816–1949

For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Indonesia: Java

Kraton Kacirebonan (complete list) –

Split into Surakarta and Yogyakarta

Indonesia: Sumatra

Sultan Sri Maharaja Batu, Sultan (1690–1721)

Ahmad Zainuddin/ Anom Sri Ingalaga, Sultan (1770–1790)

Ratu Seri Ingalaga, Sultan (1790–1812)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

Indonesia: West Timor

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

Dutch protectorate 1667–1942

British occupation 1799–1802

Dutch protectorate 1657–1905

Dutch protectorate 1683–1915

Laos

Vassal to Burma (1765–1768)

Vassal to Siam (1778–1826)

Vassal to Burma (1765–1779)

Malaysia: Peninsular

Champa dynasty

Patani dynasty

Siak dynasty (complete list) –

Myanmar / Burma

Philippines

Colony, 1565–1901

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Thailand

Ban Phlu Luang dynasty (complete list) –

First Kelantanese dynasty (complete list) –

Timor

Colony, 1702–1975

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Vietnam

Revival Lê dynasty (complete list) –

Trịnh lords (complete list) –

Tây Sơn dynasty (complete list) –

Nguyễn lords (complete list) –

South

See also: List of state leaders in 18th-century South Asia and its predecessor states.

Afghanistan

Sri Lanka

Colony, 1656–1796

For details see the Dutch Republic under Western Europe

West

Bahrain

Cyprus

Iran

Qajar dynasty (complete list) –

Iraq

Israel

Jordan

Kuwait

Lebanon

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Syria

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

Yemen

Europe

Balkans

Croatia

part of the Habsburg monarchy, also part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown

House of Habsburg

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Greece

Montenegro

British Isles

Great Britain and Ireland

Central

See also: List of state leaders in the 18th-century Holy Roman Empire.

Austria

Habsburg monarchs ruled under numerous simultaneous titles

Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs ruled under numerous simultaneous titles

Bohemia

Hungary

Poland

Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –

East

Grand Duchy of Lithuania (complete list) –

Ukraine

1772–1795, crownland of the Habsburg monarchy

1795–1804, kingdom of the Habsburg monarchy

Nordic

Denmark–Norway

Sweden

Age of Liberty, Gustavian era (complete list) –

Southcentral

Italy: Holy Roman Empire

Sister Republic of the French First Republic, 1797–1802

For details see France under western Europe

client republic of France, 1797–1805

For details see France under western Europe

Italy: Southern

Malta

British protectorate, 1800–1813

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Southwest

Andorra

Portugal

Spain

West

France

Ancien Régime (complete list) –

French

Low Countries

Caucasus

Azerbaijan

Georgia

direct Persian rule (1676–1703)

Russia: Dagestan

Oceania

Australia

Australia

British colony, 1788–1900

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Pacific

Chile

French Polynesia

New Zealand: Niue

Tonga

United Kingdom: Pitcairn

United States: Hawaii

See also

Notes and References

  1. Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910; page 17–19
  2. Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), p. 64.
  3. [C.F. Beckingham]
  4. [C.F. Beckingham]
  5. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
  6. Information about pre-Oromo kings from Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia), (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), pp. 28–30.
  7. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxv – lxvii.
  8. Book: Njoku, Raphael. The History of Somalia. 2013. 9780313378577.
  9. Book: Historical Dictionary of Somalia . 26 . 25 February 2003. 9780810866041 . 2014-02-15. Mukhtar . Mohamed Haji .
  10. Book: MacMichael, H. A. . A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr . https://archive.org/stream/ahistoryarabsin00macmgoog#page/n475/mode/1up . II . 1922 . Cambridge University Press . 264942362 . 431 . Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings.
  11. Book: Holt, Peter Malcolm . The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871 . https://books.google.com/books?id=nF1hWJQusxIC&pg=PA182 . Islamic History and Civilization, 26 . 1999 . BRILL . Leiden . 978-90-04-11256-8 . 182–186 . Genealogical Tables and King-Lists.
  12. http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAfrica/AfricaSudanHamaj.htm Hamaj Regents of the Funj Sultanate of Sinnar
  13. Book: Ben-Amos . The Art of Benin Revised Edition. 1995 . 32.
  14. Book: Madiéga, Y. Georges . Contribution à L'Histoire Précoloniale du Gulma (Haute Volta) . 1982 . Franz Steiner Verlag . 978-3-515-03222-3 . 117, 123.
  15. Web site: Nigeria: Traditional polities . Rulers.Org . 2010-09-02.
  16. Web site: Traditional States of Nigeria . World Statesmen . 2010-09-05.
  17. Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 80-94.
  18. Book: Aimiuwu, O.E.I.. Ashipa: the first Oba of Lagos. Nigeria Magazine, Issues 100–104, Government of Nigeria 1969. 624–627. 3 August 2017.
  19. Book: [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=MCHSd62Tse8C |page=29 }} Slavery and the Birth of an African City ]. 29 .
  20. Web site: Erelu Abiola Docemo Foundation. Plainsail. eraffoundation.org.
  21. Web site: LAGOS. iinet.net.au. 2015-03-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20170517133236/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/nigeria/lagos.html. 2017-05-17. dead.
  22. Web site: Kingdoms of Nigeria, The Nigerian Database of Rulers, Kings, Kingdoms, Political and Traditional Leaders. Adewunmi Elegbede. kingdomsofnigeria.com.
  23. Book: [{{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=MCHSd62Tse8C |page=46 }} Slavery and the Birth of an African City ]. 46 .
  24. Book: Slavery in Africa and the Caribbean: A History of Enslavement and Identity Since the 18th Century. Ojo. Olatunji. Hunt. Nadine. 2012-09-15. I.B.Tauris. 9781780761152. en.
  25. Barry, Boubacar, "Le royaume du Waalo": le Sénégal avant la conquête, Karthala, 1985, p 317,
  26. Web site: John Hancock. History. June 4, 2019. Aug 21, 2018.
  27. Web site: Henry Laurens. Charles Pickney National Historic Site. June 4, 2019.
  28. Web site: John Jay. History. June 4, 2019. Aug 21, 2018.
  29. Web site: Samuel Huntington Governor of Connecticut, 1786–1796 . Museum of Connecticut History. June 4, 2019. 2015-08-14.
  30. Web site: Thomas McKean: A Founding Father with a double life. National Constitution Center.org. June 4, 2019. March 19, 2019. Bomboy. Scott.
  31. Web site: Was John Hanson the Real First President of the United States?. ThoughtCo.. June 4, 2019. Feb 28, 2019. Longley. Robert.
  32. Web site: Elias Boudinot. Bill Stanley and the Forgotten Fathers. June 4, 2019. Stanley. Bill.
  33. Web site: Governor Thomas Mifflin. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. June 4, 2019. August 25, 2015.
  34. Web site: Richard Henry Lee Biography. Biography. June 4, 2019.
  35. Web site: Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts. Constitution Day. June 4, 2019.
  36. Web site: President Arthur St. Clair. Arthur St. Clair. June 4, 2019. October 26, 2012.
  37. Web site: Cyrus Griffin. Bill Stanley and the Forgotten Fathers. June 4, 2019. Stanley. Bill.
  38. Web site: George Washington. The White House. June 4, 2019.
  39. Web site: John Adams. The White House. June 4, 2019.
  40. Book: László Karoly. A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. 14 November 2014. BRILL. 978-90-04-28498-2. 5–.
  41. Book: Orvostörténeti Közlemények: Communicationes de historia artis medicinae. 2006. Könyvtár. 52.
  42. Book: Nil Sarı. International Society of the History of Medicine. Otuz Sekizinci Uluslararası Tıp Tarihi Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 1-6 Eylül 2002. 2005. Türk Tarih Kurumu. 845. 9789751618252.
  43. Hall (1981), p. 972; Stokvis, Sultan (1888); Truhart (2003), p. 1228–9.
  44. Stokvis (1888); Sulendraningrat (1985); Sunardjo (1996), p. 81.
  45. Sutherland (1973–1974).
  46. Nagtegaal (1995); Werdisastra (1996).
  47. Nagtegaal (1996); Sutherland (1973–1974).
  48. De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 179–84.
  49. De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1232
  50. De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1233
  51. De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1233–4.
  52. L.J. van Dijk, 'De zelfbesturende landschappen in de Residentie Timor en Onderhoorigheden', Indische Gids 47 1925 & 56 1934.
  53. Web site: Facts about Sonbai Kecil and Sonbai Besar by Hans Hagerdal . 2008-12-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110715205124/http://www.royaltimor.com/Sonbai_Article.html . 2011-07-15 .
  54. Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
  55. The pedigree and chronology of the sultans is only partly known; see Schurhammer, F. (1973–1982) Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times, Vol. I–IV. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute; Jacobs, Hubert (1974–1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I–III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society; Fraassen, c.van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
  56. Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
  57. Web site: Dato' Yazid Mat, Page 4 and 5.
  58. Markó 2000, p. 95.
  59. Markó 2000, pp. 113-115.
  60. Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia, Baku, 1983, vol. 7, p. 176
  61. Book: Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889 . George A. Bournoutian . 1998 . 1568590687 . 516 . George A. Bournoutian .
  62. Encyclopedia: Nakhcuwan . . . 8096647 . Martijn Theodoor Houtsma . etal.